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He invaded and he was clobbered, and then you read the splendid story Herodotus tells of how he was captured.
他大举入侵波斯,但惨遭重创,接着,你就读到希罗多德,讲述他如何被俘的故事了
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There was a boy in that class who was a great hacker and I know he can hack things very quickly.
班上有个男孩，是一个很厉害的黑客，可以迅速地入侵系统。
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His invasions at one time are turned back when they literally open the dykes and flood the French armies back.
他的入侵曾一度被击退,因为荷兰人,真的"开闸泄洪",大水把法军淹得够呛
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So his payoff, the attacker's payoff, is how many battalions does he get to bring into your country?
入侵者的收益,是他攻入你国家时还剩余多少兵力
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But that sense of collective liberty, the freedom to resist or invade is, in fact, even opposed to the modern idea of liberty that Hobbes proposes.
事实上，这种拥有抵抗，或是入侵他人的集体自由,与霍布斯提出的现代自由是相悖的。
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What would he have done if attacked by a predator or an invading Klingon?
他会怎样做,如果被掠夺者袭击,或者克林贡人入侵？
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Perhaps they were pushed out by the invading sea peoples.
也许是他们被来自海洋的入侵民族驱赶。
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The Athenians were invaded by an army from the outside, and Codros led his forces out against them.
雅典人遭到外敌入侵,寇德罗斯率军迎敌
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This light is probably on to keep burglars away and so: "stop," right?
这个灯很可能是为了防止夜贼入侵的？
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In the movies, hackers break into every system so easily in a few seconds.
在电影里，黑客用几秒钟的时间就能轻而易举地入侵各个系统。
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He only has two to start with and for you, it's how many battalions of his get destroyed?
他只有两个营的兵力,而你的收益是入侵者损失多少兵力
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But if the attacker was to attack through the hard pass, again not surprisingly, you do better if you defend the hard pass than the easy pass.
但如果入侵者选择崎岖之途,仍然是毫无疑问,选择防御崎岖之途要比平坦之途好
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Why does it seem like he's going to attack through the easy pass?
为什么他应该会选择从平坦之途入侵
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It is the case -- to introduce some jargon -- it is the case that the easy pass for the attacker, weakly dominates the hard pass for the attacker.
对入侵者来说,我们再词引入术语,对入侵者而言,平坦之途,弱优于崎岖之途
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It seems as though while you don't have a dominating strategy, it seems like Hannibal is better off attacking through-- It seems like he would attack through the easy pass.
虽然看起来你好像没有优势策略,但似乎汉尼拔将军最好的选择是,他应该会选择从平坦之途入侵
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It's not the case that for Hannibal, choosing the easy pass to attack through, strictly dominates choosing the hard pass, but it is the case that there's a weak notion of domination here.
对汉尼拔而言,选择平坦之途入侵并不是,严格优于选择崎岖之途的,但是在这种情况下有一个弱优势
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The Athenians and the Romans," he says, "were free, that is they were free commonwealths, not that any particular man had the liberty to resist his own representative but that his representative had the liberty to resist or invade other people."
霍布斯说，希腊人和罗马人都是自由的，因为他们身在自由的共和国里，他们单独的个体,是没有自由反抗他所选的代表的,但他所选的代表,却有抵抗或是入侵他人的自由“
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In other words, liberty for the ancients was a collective good, the liberty, as he says, to resist or invade other people.
也就是说，古人的自由是集体的自由,是他们这个集体拥有抵抗和入侵他人的自由，而非每个个体。
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Because you want to minimize the amount of enemy soldiers that reach Rome or whatever location it is.
因为你想使入侵罗马,的敌军兵力最小化
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I'll tell you, in the south of France near where we live, when there was a lot of resistance in World War II against the Germans, there were some Protestant villages there that were noteworthy for their resistance.
例如在法国南部,当时我们住所的附近,有一些新教徒的村子,这些村民们在二战中奋力抗击德国的入侵,并因为他们的不屈抗争而闻名
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Namely, it's going to happen this summer, because we're coming and it's going to happen this week; it's going to happen tomorrow, if you don't run away.
就是说今年夏天就会发生,因为我们来入侵了,本周也可能发生,如果你不逃走,明天就会发生
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You want to minimize the number of soldiers that reach Rome, that's true.
你想最小化入侵罗马的兵力,没错
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Now since we think that Hannibal, the attacker, is not going to play a weakly dominated strategy, we think Hannibal is not going to choose the hard pass.
好了,既然我们认为入侵者汉尼拔,不会选择弱劣势策略,我们认为汉尼拔不会选择崎岖之途
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I haven't given you-- I've given you roughly the choices, the choice they're going to be for the attacker which pass to choose, and for the defender which pass to defend.
我还没有说完,我给出了大致的选择,入侵者选择从哪个途径入侵,而防卫者选择在哪里设防
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Egypt experiences a number of attacks from the outside world.
埃及遭受了一系列外敌的入侵
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These Germanic and other tribes, who were largely located north and northeast of Europe, came down--I should say not Europe, but the Roman Empire-- came down and ultimately destroyed it by invasion.
那些日耳曼部落和其他部落,主要位于欧洲北部和东北部,的入侵,我应该说不是位于欧洲,而是位于罗马帝国,入侵并且完全摧毁了罗马帝国
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So imagine the following example, an invader is thinking about invading a country, and there are two ways -- there are two passes if you like -- through which he can lead his army.
想象一下这样的例子,一个侵略者打算入侵一个国家,有两条路,想象成两个关口也行,侵略者必须通过一个才能进入
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So just to give an example, if he goes through the hard pass and you defend the hard pass, he loses one of those battalions going over the mountains and the other one because he meets you.
举个例子吧,如果入侵者与你在崎岖之途上狭路相逢,他在翻越山岭时损失一营,与你交战再损失一营
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