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So, the antigen we're thinking about is a vaccine particularly designed to elicit immune response against a pathogen.
我们现在考虑的这种抗原,是一种特别设计的疫苗,它能够诱发免疫效应以消灭病原体
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Memory cells are long lasting cells that remember this exposure and can respond very quickly on second exposure.
记忆细胞可以长时间记忆与抗原的接触,并在再次免疫中迅速做出应答
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Usually it's done by taking all or part of the infectious agent, and showing them to your immune system in some way.
通常它会带着全部或部分抗原介质,并以某种方式呈递给你的免疫系统
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The way that they appear in your body tells the immune system something about where they came from.
抗原在体内出现的方式,向免疫系统表明了抗原的来源
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So a vaccine is designed in order to engage that biology, in order to provide antigens that will stimulate specifically your immune system.
所以疫苗的作用就是参与这个生理活动,提供抗原 来刺激你的免疫系统
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They're just antigens that belong to you and so you don't normally mount an immune response to antigens that are part of you.
它们是你的自身抗原,但通常对自身抗原不会产生免疫反应
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Now, just--what this diagram also shows you is that that response is specific to that particular antigen.
看,就像这幅图表展示的一样,免疫应答是针对特定的抗原
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It's not just that your whole immune system gets revved up and it's going to respond more rapidly to any antigen it's exposed to.
并不是整个免疫系统都得以加强,免疫应答会对,以前接触过的抗原做出的应答更加迅速
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So, every time you're exposed to a new vaccine or a new antigen you go through this primary response before you have the secondary response.
所以,每当你接触到新疫苗或是新抗原,在再次免疫之前,机体将会经历这样的初次免疫过程
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The response to the second exposure in antigen is different in a couple of ways.
第二次接触相同抗原,免疫系统的应答,在以下几个方面是不同的
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Then, your muscle cells would start producing Hepatitis B surface antigen and your immune system recognizing that's a foreign protein would start responding to it.
于是,肌肉细胞将会,开始制造乙肝表面抗原,然后免疫系统就会识别出,那是外来蛋白质并且产生免疫应答
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That shouldn't be too surprising given what we talked about last week, that your immune system, the adaptive immune system in particular, responds to individual antigens differently.
你们不必惊讶,上周我们讲过免疫系统,特别是适应性免疫系统,对不同抗原的应答是具有特异性的
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The question is, "If you're naturally exposed to antigen wouldn't this happen anyway?"
她的问题是,在自然条件下,如果接触某种抗原,那么就是否就不发生二次免疫
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So, antigens are molecules or pieces of molecules that stimulate an immune response.
所以 抗原是可以激发免疫反应的,分子或分子碎片
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We're going to - one of the reasons why you'll see why cell mediated responses are important is because antigens can appear in your body in different ways.
我们将--,细胞免疫如此重要的一个原因是,抗原能够以不同方式出现在体内
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It's the way, for example, that foreign molecules or antigens get presented to cells of your immune system in order to start the process of making an immune response, so sometimes a cell/cell interaction.
通过这种方式,外源分子,或者说抗原,进入到免疫系统的细胞中后,就会开启免疫反应过程,有时候就是细胞之间的相互作用
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But this antigen presenting cell is more likely a professional antigen presenting cell, or a subset of cells of your immune system that are specialized in ingesting foreign particles and displaying their contents to the rest of the immune system.
但这种抗原呈递细胞更加类似于,专职抗原呈递细胞,或者是体内免疫细胞中的一个亚群,专门从事吞噬异己物质,并告知免疫系统的其他细胞的工作
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And so we talked very briefly last time about this business of antigen presentation, how your immune system-- one of the things that it does especially well, is recognize what's part of you and what's not part of you.
上次我们简单的提到过,有关抗原呈递的一些知识,你的免疫系统如何,这也是免疫系统尤其擅长的一点,就是识别哪些部分属于你,哪些不属于
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So, our bodies are capable of making antibodies that are tuned for all the potential antigens that we come into contact with, That's amazing that we have this capacity to respond and you respond only when needed.
所以 我们的身体具有制造抗体的能力,这些抗体对于各种潜在抗原具有特异性,我们具有只在需要时做出,免疫反应的能力 这太让人惊叹了
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So, these memory cells are a way that your immune system keeps track of antigens that it's been exposed to for even if maybe the plasma cells that were producing antibody in response to the initial exposure have died and disappeared.
所以,这些记忆细胞,是人体免疫系统记忆抗原的一种方法,即使由浆细胞产生的抗体,在初次免疫应答中全部被消灭,记忆细胞仍然能迅速分化为抗体分泌细胞
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Usually the cellular means that they get rid of is that instead of an antibody being produced, you activate a population of cells that will specifically go and hunt down the foreign antigen, or more commonly, cells that contain the foreign antigen.
通常细胞免疫意味着,不用生成抗体就能清除抗原,你激活了一个细胞类群,这一类群能够,并杀伤外源抗原,或者更常见的是,杀伤含有外源抗原的细胞
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The other part of the adaptive immune system is the cell mediated immune system and this is an immune where that doesn't involve antibodies but involves cells that are activated in response to a foreign antigen and that utilize cellular means to get rid of it.
获得性免疫系统还包括,细胞免疫,这一免疫反应不包含抗体,但包含可以被激活来应答,并清除外源抗原的免疫细胞
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You could probably find some antigens that don't follow exactly this behavior, but in general, this is the kind of behavior you would see on first exposure to an antigen or vaccine, called the primary exposure, and on subsequent exposure to an antigen or vaccine called the boost.
可能你也会发现,一些抗原并不完全遵循这种模式,但通常来说,在你首次接触一种抗原或疫苗时,都能观察到这种模式,它被称为初次免疫,而接下来的,再次接触抗原或是疫苗被称为增强免疫
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One of the things that I didn't mention before is that when you get this primary response and then the secondary response, if you looked at the antibodies that are generated during the primary response, again we're only looking at antibodies that bind to the particular antigen or vaccine that we have used for the priming.
还有一点我之前没有提及,当你获得初次免疫,以及再次免疫之后,如果你仔细观察抗体,观察那些在初次免疫中生成的抗体,这次我们同样只是观察抗体,那些与我们在初次免疫中所用到的,特定抗原或疫苗相结合的抗体
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Now, if I was a person that was designing a vaccine and I noticed that this was the response that it got, that antibodies were produced, they reached some intermediate level, they started to fall, I would say, "Well I haven't stimulated the immune system enough, let me re-boost, let me give another dose of antigen."
现在,如果我正在研究一种疫苗,我注意到机体会对这种疫苗产生应答,也就是会产生抗体,当抗体浓度达到中等水平后,就开始下降,就可以说,疫苗对免疫系统刺激还不足,我需要提高抗原浓度,让我再把剂量再加大一倍
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The other thing that I want to do today is try to tie this discussion on vaccines a little bit more closely with what we talked about last week, in terms of what happens inside your body when you receive a vaccine or when you're exposed to an antigen, and how the immune system actually responds to that.
还有就是,我希望可以,把今天关于疫苗的讨论,与我们上周讲过的内容,结合得更紧密一些,当接种疫苗,或者是接触抗原时,人体将会发生怎样的变化,以及免疫系统对疫苗产生何种应答
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When these CD8 T-cells see your MHC1 together with an antigen that doesn't belong in you, it creates an immune response.
当CD8 T细胞识别MHC1时,同时识别了不属于你的抗原,由此产生免疫反应
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Because this antigen gets expressed in the context of MHC2, your immune system responds differently.
因为这些抗原同MHC2共同表达,所以你的免疫反应就会不同
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An antigen expressed in the context of MHC stimulates your immune system.
同MHC共同表达的抗原,激活了免疫系统
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Because at the end of the Y, there's a special region of the antibody, the antigen-binding region, that is highly tuned for binding to the antigen that stimulated them.
因为Y形抗体的末端,是抗体上非常特殊的一个区域,即抗原结合区域,这一区域高度特异性地,用于结合激活免疫的抗原
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