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One kind of response is called the innate response and innate means that it's present from the beginning.
其中之一称为先天性免疫反应,先天的意思是生来就有的
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In fact, the people who have been most important in understanding how the innate immune system works are people here at Yale.
事实上 在研究先天免疫系统,反应机理中,最重要的科学家就在耶鲁
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That is, mix it with things which make it more make your immune system respond more strongly.
也就是说,增大剂量以使,你的免疫系统产生强烈的反应
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That's a big problem and so can you protect these cells that you give to the recipient from attack by the recipient's immune system?
并且至关重要,那么你们想办法保护这些植入受体的细胞,使它们免受免疫系统的排异反应么
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Its molecules are pieces of molecules often derived from foreign pathogens which stimulate an immune response.
它通常是从激发免疫反应的,外源病原体中分离出的碎片
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So, this is an immune response that doesn't have to be activated and we're used to thinking about immune responses that have to be activated.
所以 这是一种不必激活的免疫反应,我们曾认为免疫反应都需要激活
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You could imagine that you've got virus that's propagating inside your cells, making more and more virus, your immune system really responds well to that.
你可以想象,病毒在你的体细胞内繁殖,数量越来越多,你的免疫系统对此反应非常之强烈
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So, this is the kind of immune response that gets activated only when it's needed.
所以 这是一种在需要时,被激活的免疫反应
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Because it infects your cells and reproduces, your immune system responds much more vigorously.
由于它会感染你的细胞并且繁殖,所以你的免疫系统会有很强烈的反应
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So, antigens are molecules or pieces of molecules that stimulate an immune response.
所以 抗原是可以激发免疫反应的,分子或分子碎片
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Because this is not a virus at all, but it's a virus subunit, your body doesn't respond to it as strongly, your immune system doesn't respond to it as strongly.
因为这根本不是病毒,而是一个病毒亚基,机体对其反应不是那么强烈,免疫系统不会产生强烈的应答
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The notion is, if there's something foreign that's being produced inside this cell, then that cell must have been corrupted in some way and it has to be gotten rid of.
免疫反应的规矩是这样的,如果某些外源物在你细胞内产生,那说明这个细胞的某些地方,已经被损害了所以必须被清除掉
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Because it's working to defend us against many different kinds of potential assaults, the immune system has a diverse repertoire of responses that it uses in the face of these assaults.
免疫系统的工作就是抵御,不同种类的潜在威胁,免疫系统具备类型众多的免疫反应类型,以应对各种威胁
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Some words that are useful in this discussion, a 'host'. A host is the organism that you're interested in defending and it could be you or me or some typical person.
讨论中会用到一些词,宿主 宿主是,你对其免疫反应感兴趣的生物体,可以是你我,或者其他人
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That's why you need two kinds of immune responses.
这就是你需要两种免疫反应的原因
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Why do you have these different kinds of responses?
为什么你会有各式各样的免疫反应呢
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We'll learn more about that in a moment, but basically it allows the immune system to distinguish between viral and bacterial pathogens, and respond appropriately depending on the type of pathogen that's there.
我们一会儿会学到不少,但基本上说,这样一来免疫系统,就能够分辨出病毒和细菌病原体,并对相应的病原体类型,产生合适的免疫反应
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It's the way, for example, that foreign molecules or antigens get presented to cells of your immune system in order to start the process of making an immune response, so sometimes a cell/cell interaction.
通过这种方式,外源分子,或者说抗原,进入到免疫系统的细胞中后,就会开启免疫反应过程,有时候就是细胞之间的相互作用
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So, our bodies are capable of making antibodies that are tuned for all the potential antigens that we come into contact with, That's amazing that we have this capacity to respond and you respond only when needed.
所以 我们的身体具有制造抗体的能力,这些抗体对于各种潜在抗原具有特异性,我们具有只在需要时做出,免疫反应的能力 这太让人惊叹了
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The reason is that because of the ways that different microorganisms take the ways the different microorganisms reproduce and damage cells and tissue within your body, you need different ways to respond to them effectively.
因为不同的微生物以不同的方式,以不同的方式繁殖,和损害体内的组织和细胞,你需要多种有效的免疫反应来对付它们
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We're going to talk about this kind of non-covalent interaction more when we talk about the immune system, because one example of ligand and receptors that's important in the immune system are antigens - foreign molecules, and antibodies - molecules that we produce.
当我们讲到免疫系统的时候,会更详细地谈到这种非共价化合反应,因为在免疫系统中,一个重要的配体受体结合反应,就是抗原,即外源分子,与抗体,这个人体自身产生的分子结合
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When these CD8 T-cells see your MHC1 together with an antigen that doesn't belong in you, it creates an immune response.
当CD8 T细胞识别MHC1时,同时识别了不属于你的抗原,由此产生免疫反应
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The humoral immune response involves antibody production and antibodies are made by a subset of cells called B-cells.
体液免疫反应中包括抗体的产生过程,抗体是由一类称为B细胞的细胞亚族产生
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Because this antigen gets expressed in the context of MHC2, your immune system responds differently.
因为这些抗原同MHC2共同表达,所以你的免疫反应就会不同
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