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So there's all sorts of things that we have to obviously monitor, to keep track of that can influence our industry.
所以我们要观察的,显然有很多，才能跟得上信息技术行业的发展。
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What we're going to start with is discussing photoelectron spectroscopy, which is a spectroscopy technique that will give us some information about energy levels in multielectron atoms.
首先，我们将讨论,光电子能谱，通过这种技术,我们能够得到多电子原子的能级信息。
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Those kinds of information are not easily accessible by following links or using the traditional search engine technology.
通过跟踪链接,或者传统搜索技术,是无法轻易获取的这些信息的。
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There were a lot of other things that happened in the nineteenth century that advanced information technology and made finance really powerful.
9世纪还发生了许多其他的事情,推动了信息技术的进步,也使得金融开始强大起来。
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And so when you start to do this, you can now have a much more portion of your IT spending dedicated to maintenance and sustaining.
所以开始做这件事的时候，很大一部分的信息技术开销,都用于维持和维护了。
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Do we want to be electronically delivered or do we want to have face-to-face component?
想借电子技术传达信息,还是想面对面交流？
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So, the Greeks are sopping up tremendously useful information and talent, and skills, and all sorts of things that help explain what's going to be coming.
希腊汲取了极其有用的,信息,才能和技术,而这对我们解释以后的历史启发良多
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Most companies in the world today spend about 70 % of their IT dollars on what I call feeding the dinosaurs, just maintaining the old systems.
当今世界，大部分公司70%的信息技术成本,都用于喂饱恐龙了，也就是，维持旧的体系。
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Let's go back to the nineteenth century, that's the 1800s, that was a wonderful century for information technology.
让我们一起回到19世纪初叶，这对信息技术来说是大好的一个世纪。
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We have to understand--in understanding the progress of financial technology-- is its fundamental relation to information technology.
我们需要了解...,理解金融技术演进的过程中,与信息技术之间的基本关系
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It is very interesting to me because it's a discrete invention that happened in a point of time in response to information technology.
我觉得很有意思,因为它由许多组成部分构成,这些部分组合在了一起,而且都和信息技术有关。
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I should have also mentioned another really important information technology that developed in the nineteenth century was the Postal Service, although we had mail before then.
我应该也提到过,另一个产生于19世纪的,非常重要的信息技术,就是邮政服务，虽然我们在此之前就有信件往来。
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Now, I'd like to stress information technology because we are living in a time of rapid advance, as you know--I don't have to tell you this.
我想强调一下信息技术,因为我们身处一个飞速发展的时代，这你们都知道，我没必要再说一遍。
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That's an example; you see how information technology created a Social Security system.
这个例子中你们可以看出信息技术,是如何创造出社会保障体系的。
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It fits in well with the theme of this course about technology because in understanding what's happening with brokerages, our technology, the new information technology, is central.
这与我们这节课,有关技术的内容互相配合,因为了解经纪业发生了什么,新技术和新信息科技,对我们来说很重要
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The last thing is information technology, as a driver of finance.
最后一点就是,信息技术是金融发展的驱动器。
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A lot of financial innovation is co-evolved with information technology.
许多金融创新,都和信息技术密切相关。
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This invention of social security is well over one hundred years old, but I think that, because of the rapid advance of information technology, we're going to see a lot more progress.
社会保障的这种发明,已经经过了一百多年，但我觉得,由于信息技术的飞速发展，我们将会看到许多的进步。
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I'm not going to stress public finance so much in this course but it seems-- I'm going to give the example of nineteenth century information technology and the nineteenth century invention of social security.
在这课上我不想过多强调,财政的重要性-,我将给大家举个例子,关于19世纪的信息技术,和19世纪社会保障的创新。
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Now we're doing the same for IT, using standards, taking things that are in what's this big bucket known as services and really encapsulating them in the form of services and products, but in a much more cost-effective way, using standards.
现在对于整个信息技术行业我们也采取这种方法，使用标准,通过服务,注入产品和服务，通过标准，提高成本效率。
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That's information technology.
这就是信息技术。
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