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Often that signal gets amplified so it can be used, same thing happens inside cells and there's some output that's generated.
通常这些信号要放大后才会产生作用,诱发细胞内发生一些变化,并产生某种输出信号
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This is a signal - this passing of phosphorous - is a signal that's used very frequently in intracellular communication.
这是一种信号,一种通过磷酸来传递的信号,这种信号在细胞内通讯时经常被用到
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They often involve the generation of what are called 'second messenger' molecules which carry the signal further into the cell.
过程中通常会生成一种叫做,第二信使的分子,将信号更深入地传递至细胞内部
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That's what's illustrated here with the end result being that there's some change in the life of the cell.
这里显示的是,在信号放大传递后,细胞内发生的变化
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So, this pathway might not be the only one that's being activated inside the cell at any given time.
因此,任一时刻细胞内,激活的信号通路不只是一条
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They're everywhere in cells throughout your body and they are responsible for lots of the biochemistry of cell/cell interaction and signaling.
它们在身体各处的细胞中都有,并负责很多细胞间的相互作用,及信号转导的生化过程
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They're ready to rapidly differentiate into antibody producing cells and they're waiting for that second signal to come.
并可以迅速分化为,抗体分泌细胞,记忆细胞在等待第二次信号的到来
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So, in order to have fast transmission you do that by transmitting electrical signals; that happens pretty quickly.
所以 为了使信号迅速地传播,细胞使用电信号,它速度非常快
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That would be - you could have a cell that did that but that would be cell that could only send one signal.
那样就会,你的细胞可以发出信号,但这个细胞只能发出一次信号
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Take a step way back and think about what's the basic mechanism by which cells receive signals.
现在让我们回过头来思考,细胞接收信号的基本原理
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They're small molecules that - whose principal function in the body is to carry signals from one cell in the nervous system to another.
它们都是小分子,在体内主要功能是在,神经系统内将信号,从一个细胞传导到另一个细胞
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An example of that is, of course, insulin which is produced by cells of the pancreas and acts on cells all over the body.
这种信号传递的例子,就是胰脏细胞产生的胰岛素,作用于全身各处的细胞
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They're not responsible necessarily for moving molecules inside and out, but they sit at the outside of the cell and they wait for signals.
它们不负责将分子运进运出,而是冲着细胞外面坐等信号
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It sends it's signal, it's signal - the signal that it sends is this change in voltage, and once it changes, maybe it's all done.
它发出信号,它通过电压的改变发出信号,然而一旦电压改变,细胞的使命到此就终结了
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One kind of cellular communication occurs by similar mechanisms to what we were talking about.
细胞通讯中的一种,与我刚才讲过的信号转导的机制相似
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This is, maybe, the strangest because the ligand that stimulates the receptor is produced by the cell itself; so sometimes cells make signals that they receive.
它可能是最奇特的,因为激活受体的配体,是由细胞自身产生的,有时细胞产生让自己接受的信号
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There's a diverse range of responses that might occur, but that response is initiated by this simple chemical process of a ligand binding to a receptor.
细胞对外界信号可能会发生不同的反应,但这些反应都源自,配体和受体结合这个简单的化学过程
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Many neurotransmitters that carry signals between neurons in your brain work this way.
在脑部神经元细胞中,传递信号的神经递质分子的,作用原理就是如此
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How do cells pass the signal from themselves to the next cell?
细胞怎样将信号传递给下一个细胞
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It's collecting information from all these dendrites under the right series of signals the cell body integrates all that information, says time for me to fire an action potential.
神经收集所有树突送来的,通过一系列正确信号传来的信息,细胞体整合所有信息之后,就到了发出动作电位的时候了
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When they receive the signal they make - they change in a very specific way and the cell can recognize this change that's occurred at the cell surface.
当它们接收到信号之后,就会发生十分特殊的变化,细胞能够识别自身表面发生的这种变化
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It could be that that signal is 'you need more glucose', and so the cellular response is to create more glucose transporters to bring more glucose into the cell.
这信号还可能是,"需要更多葡萄糖",细胞的反馈就是,产生更多的葡萄糖载体,将更多的糖分子输送进细胞
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They only kill cells that have the signal which stimulated them.
只能杀死那些带有能激活,它们的标记信号的细胞
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Well, it might be that this signal is a signal to divide.
这可能是那些让细胞开始分裂的信号
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These signaling proteins play important roles in determining how many cells differentiate down particular pathways and they turn out also to be very useful for treating diseases of those pathways.
这些信号蛋白在决定特定分化路径上,有多少细胞在分化时起着重要作用,且在治疗疾病方面也很有用,同样也是利用这些机制
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So, it makes a binary decision, either I create an action potential or I don't, but that decision could be based on many inputs, not just on input from one cell.
所以 这里产生一个二选一的决策,就是产生动作电位亦或不产生,不过这个决定可能是,根据很多输入信号做出的,而不是仅凭单个细胞所传来的信号
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So action potentials are used by tissues in different ways to send signals from one cell to another or from one end of one cell to another end of the cell.
所以组织以不同的方式利用动作电位,将信号从一个细胞传递到另一个细胞,或从一个神经末梢到另一个神经末梢
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Estrogen is a natural signal for cells to grow.
雌激素是一类细胞生长信号
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Sometimes signals are transmitted between cells by cell/cell contact.
有时细胞与细胞靠互相接触进行信号传递
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Sometimes second messengers collect signals from a variety of different receptor systems, translate them into one kind of internal change, and the cell then just has to know about that one thing changing.
第二信使分子能够收集,来自不同受体系统的信号,将它们转化为同一种细胞内在的变化,这样细胞就只需对一种变化作出反应
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