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Like we talked about with insulin; make large quantities of this recombinant viral protein, and use that as a vaccine.
就像我们讲过的胰岛素,生成大量重组的病毒蛋白,并将其作为疫苗使用
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This curve here with the square shows you how many millions of vaccine doses were distributed across the U.S.
这个带方形的曲线图显示了,在美国数以百万计的,疫苗是如何使用的
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As those doses were given you look at the prevalence of polio within the United States.
随着疫苗的使用,你可以看到全美小儿麻痹症
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In fact, there's evidence that even thousands of years ago, Indian and Chinese healers were using a form of something that we would recognize as vaccination.
事实上,有证据表明在几千年前,印度和中国的医生就在使用一种,类似于疫苗的东西
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That will lead us into a discussion of sort of modern methods and sort of the spectrum of methods that are available now for vaccine development.
而这使得我们有必要对于,在现代疫苗的发展中,可供使用的方式方法进行讨论
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Well, this is an approach that's been used in a variety of vaccines, most successfully with Hepatitis B, so the problem is where do you get these proteins?
这种方式,已经为许多种疫苗使用,乙型肝炎疫苗是最成功的,但问题是该从哪里获得这些蛋白质呢
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Now, what happened with the Salk vaccine is that Formaldehyde was used.
索尔克氏疫苗,使用了甲醛进行灭活
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I also talked last time about smallpox and the perceived need to produce more smallpox vaccine in the event that smallpox is used as a weapon in 2002.
上次我也谈论过了天花,以及在二零零二年天花被当作武器使用时,制造出更多天花疫苗的必要性
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Why would you maybe not want to use the oral vaccine?
但什么会让你不愿意使用口服疫苗呢
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I'm using, here, antigen interchangeably with vaccine for our purposes today.
在这里,我使用可以,与疫苗相互作用的抗原来介绍今天的问题
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It's not enough to understand the biology of how to create a vaccine, if you can't make enough of the vaccine or deliver it to people in ways that it's useful.
仅仅知道疫苗制造的,生物学原理是不够的,还得能生产出足够的疫苗,并在公众中广泛使用
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So if you could make a hepatitis B vaccine that didn't require a shot or that didn't require refrigeration, that would be a tremendous advance in spreading that vaccine through the world.
所以如果你可以开发出这样的乙肝疫苗,它不需注射就能接种,或者不需要冷藏,这样的巨大进步,能够将疫苗的使用普及至全世界
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They had to give some of them the real vaccine and some of them a placebo vaccine in order that they could really tell if the vaccine worked; you have to have it placebo controlled.
研究者们还须给部分孩子接种真正的疫苗,给另外一些孩子接种空白疫苗,以分辨疫苗是否真的有效,所以你必须使用安慰剂作对照
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This was not a naturally occurring attenuated virus as used in smallpox, but a virus that was attenuated in the laboratory, basically by propagating it in culture and looking for mutants that were formed as you propagated this virus under different experimental conditions.
这不是在制造天花疫苗时,使用的那种天然减毒病毒,而是一种在实验室中被人工弱化的病毒,基本上是通过在细胞中培养繁殖后,从这些培养出来的病毒中挑选出,不同实验环境下的变异体
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Then, also emphasizing in the case of smallpox, how even after the scientific discovery was made, it took many, many decades for people to be able to produce the vaccine in large enough quantities and distribute it, so that you could think about making an impact on global prevalence of the disease.
同时重点就天花疫苗的发展展开了讨论,而即便当科学发现了天花病毒,仍然过了许多年,人类才能够,大规模生产并使用天花疫苗,由此你们可以了解到,在全球范围内,疫苗给天花以致命一击
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What was--the vaccine you got was produced totally outside of people using recombinant DNA technology.
你们所使用的疫苗是利用完全,脱离于人体外的DNA重组技术生产的
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This was an early example of recombinant DNA technology being translated into a clinical product and that's the vaccine that's widely used in practice now.
这是早期使用DNA重组技术,构建临床产品的案例,如今这种疫苗在实践中广泛使用
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If we did the experiment where on this booster we included not only the initial antigen but some unrelated antigen, the response to the unrelated antigen called B here, looks like a primary response.
如果实验中我们使用的后续疫苗,不仅包括原抗原,还包括一些无关抗原,这里将对无关抗原的应答称为B,该应答就如同初次免疫一样
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