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the Bank of England would say you've got to keep a deposit with us " otherwise we'll destroy you.
英格兰银行将会对你说,“你得在我们银行付保证金,不然我们将毁灭你。
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When the date came, you would cut the coupon off and go to the bank and get your interest payment.
到息日到了以后，你就可以剪下这张息票拿到银行,去兑换利息。
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You've got these warehouses along the canals and here's where the bankers-- the Dutch had the most, along with the English, had sophisticated banking system in the world.
你已经见过了这些运河旁的仓库了,这些银行家们,大部分来自于荷兰,同时也来自英国,他们拥有世界上最复杂的的银行系统
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But in society today, and we'll talk a bit about security topics -- and such throughout the course, for cryptography -- for encrypting things like your credit card information and bank accounts -- you don't use 32 bits, you don't use 64 bits, you generally use 1024 bits, 4,048 bits.
但在当今的社会上，我们将讨论一点安全方面的知识,贯穿整个课程，密码学-,加密一些像信用卡信息,银行账号之类的东西--你不能用32位，你也不能用64位，你通常要使用1024位，4048位。
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You go to a bank and say, I want to borrow to refinance my mortgage, which is due now.
你去跟银行讲,由于现在的处境,我想再申请已到期的抵押贷款
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A commercial bank, like a goldsmith banker, accepts deposits--that's critical -and that means you can put money in the bank.
商业银行,就像是一个金匠银行家,接受存款,这一点非常关键,就是说你可以把你的钱放到银行里
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On the other hand, historically, most institutions do both If you go around the world, are also involved in investment banking.
另一方面，从历史上来说,如果你去全球看看，也做银行投资业务。
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You're sitting there behind your glass window and someone comes in and wants to chat, you should be available; that's what banking is.
你坐在你敞亮的办公室里,有人想进来跟你聊聊,那你就得抽空奉陪,做银行的就是这样
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I called an economist at the BIS and said, can you please explain it to me?
在国际清算银行，我问一个经济学家，你能不能给我解释下？
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If you ask someone a couple hundred years ago ? what's the essence of a bank?
如果你问一个几百年前的人,银行的本质是什么？
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It's exactly what you find out about when you're playing golf with the other bankers.
这正是在和其他银行家打高尔夫球时,你所能察觉出的情况
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You see what the Bank of England emerged into was a banker's bank.
现在你明白了，英格兰银行,是以一个银行主的银行角色出现的。
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The banker knows everybody in the community and when you're playing golf with the banker, it may go beyond just collecting information; the banker might have positive suggestions.
银行家认识圈里的所有人,当你在和他一起打高尔夫的时候,不仅仅能获取资讯,还可能会从银行家那获得建设性的建议
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The Bank of England if you were a little bank somewhere in the U.K.
英格兰银行,如果你是英国的一家小银行的话。
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That means you could go to a bank and demand gold and the bank then could go to the Federal Reserve and get gold for it.
这意味着你可以走进一家银行,索要金子，然后那家银行可以,去联邦储备银行得到这部分金子。
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But the bank would say, hey you're unemployed; we can't give you a mortgage.
但银行会说,你失业了,所以我们不能给你办贷款
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The bank won't ask for it back right away unless you start misbehaving.
除非你的行为不良,银行不会要求你立刻还钱
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Banks are in trouble and as you know - they're starting to fail because they the value of their assets in the market is falling rapidly.
银行陷入危机，并且你知道,他们开始破产因为他们,市场中资产的价值,在迅速的降低。
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How can you get a central banker to do that?
你怎么样使一个中央银行家那样做呢？
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I went to the Ministry of Finance and we went to the Norges Bank, which is their central bank, and I think the answer I got from them was, yes you're right.
我去了财政部,我们也去了挪威银行，那是挪威的中央银行，而我觉得他们给我的回复是，你是对的。
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You talk to these people who were standing in front of the bank; the first question you'd ask them, aren't deposits insured in the U.K.
你去银行门前,与排队的人们交谈,先问他们,英国的存款
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You're the central bank lend us the money.
你是中央银行，借我们一些钱吧。
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You can't stick your bad paper to the banker who knows everybody in the town; he'll figure it out and that's the -and so that's the problem that's solved by bankers.
你休想把垃圾债权随便卖给银行家,因为他对这个圈子了如指掌,他定会识破的,因此银行家们就解决了逆向选择问题
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Of course, the banker isn't going to give you $1 for something that is paying $1 in a year because the banker knows that $1 could be invested at the interest rate.
当然,银行不会因为某些东西,在一年内收益一美元,而给你一美元,因为银行知道一美元能在利率的基础上,用来投资
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In fact, they are in practice long-term because you have a relationship with your banker and you play golf with your banker and your banker understands that you have a business -he's your friend, let's hope.
实质上这些借贷款就是长期的,因为你与银行从业者有着千丝万缕的联系,你和他一起打高尔夫,而且他知道你在做生意...,他是你的朋友,希望如此
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It says that you have to keep deposits with us here at the central bank; either that or else keep vault cash and show that you have it as reserves for your deposits.
它声明你必须在中央银行这里,付保证金；,要不那样做，要不就在金库中存钱,并且表明你把它作为,存款中的储备金。
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The bank will discount it.
银行会为你计算贴现
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If you go to a savings bank, or a savings and loan, or a commercial bank and you say, I want to open up a checking account--that's a deposit; or, I want to open up a saving account--that's a deposit.
如果你去一个储蓄银行或者商业银行，去储蓄或者贷款，你说，我想开个支票账户，这就是储蓄;,或者说我先开个存款账户，这就是储蓄。
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The issuing bank would be driven out of business if it didn't. They all were using fractional reserve banking so if you have a big player that's demanding gold from you you're in trouble.
发行纸币的银行将会被驱逐出银行业,如果它不这么做，它们都采取,部分准备金银行制度，所以如果你有一个对手,一直向你索求金子，你会陷入大麻烦的。
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It becomes an arm-twisting thing -because of this risk of moral hazard, the bank has a threat to take the money back and they are going to find out quickly if you, as a company, are behaving wrong.
这衍变成一种施压行为...,由于道德风险的存在,银行恐怕收不回欠款,因此,在你的公司行为不良时,他们便会迅速发现此事
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