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One kind of question, then, I was raising is: what context do you use to read any novel?
我所提出的一类问题是：,你一般采用什么语境去理解小说？
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So I'm actually writing my own fiction, and no, it's not easy. But you can actually learn from, if you read other writers.
我现在也正在写自己的小说，真的不容易。但是你可以从你以前阅读的作品中学到很多。
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Now let me just say in a technical way: if you decide to volunteer to nominate a novel, you'll get no extra credit.
从实际角度讲：,如果你自愿推荐一部小说，你不会得到额外的学分。
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Crushing your computer, or whatever it is that you do as you write the great American novel.
砸碎电脑，随便你想怎样,当你创作最伟大的美国小说时。
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Jin says he is a sophomore in computer science and he has science fiction in mind and plus machines So you have some immersion in philosophy.
杰，他大二，学计算机科学,他满脑子都是科幻小说和机器,所以你对哲学有点了解。
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And if you've never read it, it's a great, great, novel.
你要是从来没读过,这真是一部非常非常好的小说
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And there you are, and, for the next 40 years, no one ever sees the novel that you wrote, or the autobiography that you wrote originally.
就这样，在这之后的40年里，没有人看到你写的小说，或者你最初的自传。
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And yet, you like him anyway, and I think that's the power of the novel, and that's why I think he's such a character.
但是，你还是会喜欢他，我想那就是这部小说的力量，那就是为什么我认为他是个很有趣的角色。
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Even if you like the novel, who else is really put off by this? Yes.
即使你喜欢这部小说，还有什么被这个题材影响的吗，是的。
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The process of doing those three things will have allowed you to already have thought quite a bit about these novels.
在你做这三项的过程中,你已经思考了关于这些小说的一些问题。
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It is not about finding the average man--which you are--also in the novel, there staring back at you.
也不是寻找小说里和你一样的，也在回头凝视你的平常人。
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And if you look on that page, about in the middle, this is Enoch describing his foster mother: "'This woman was hard to get along with.
如果你翻到小说中间的那页，这就是阿纳克,对他养母的描述，你总是难以与这个女人相处。
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The point of this advertisement is to make you feel like you don't have to know what the critic knows in order to read this novel.
这个广告的目的是让你觉得不用具备批评家的知识,也能读懂这部小说。
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Maybe that's miniscule, but maybe it's going to be fun for you, especially if you have a sort of theatrical bent, or if you like getting up in front of people, or if you're just really, really passionate about a novel that you want everyone to read.
这可能不值一提，但可能对你们来说很有意思，尤其如果你喜欢戏剧，或者喜欢在人们面前表现，或者你只是对这部小说很有热情,希望大家都来读。
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It's a kind of realism, of course. Nevertheless, there it is in front of us, and again I call you back to that quotation. What are we going to see when we look at the fiction? Do we see what's in front of us?
当然这也是一种现实主义，然而，这些就在我们眼前，我想再次将你们的注意力集中到那句引语上，当我们阅读这,部小说时，什么情景会呈现在你眼前呢，我们能看到什么吗？
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If you start thinking about narrative arcs-- imagine a novel, right?
如果你想想生命叙事线-,想象有一部小说？
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You wanted to know your place in the universe, but you don't even have that kind of knowledge either, because you think you're writing novels, finding the cure for cancer, climbing Mount Everest.
你想知道自己在宇宙里的位置，但是你连那种知识都没有，因为你以为自己是在写小说，在寻找治疗癌症的办法，在攀登珠穆朗玛峰。
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It's okay to stick around for a while, but if the high point of the story occurs in chapter 2 and then there are another 67 chapters after that, you think, this was not a well-constructed novel.
有一段下跌并没有关系，但是如果故事高潮在第二章出现2,后面还有67章，你会觉得这部小说结构不好。
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Whatever you think those are. Here, you might imagine different people disagreeing about-- oh, but throw in something--but if what you want to do is write the great American novel, then you've got the experience of staying up late at night not knowing how to make the plot work out, crushing pieces of paper and throwing them away.
你能想到的都在里面，可能有人不同意-,插入某某东西，比如你想,创作最伟大的美国小说，于是你获得熬夜的体验,纠结于如何构建情节，撕碎稿纸，扔在一边。
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We finished Black Boy last time, and one of the big questions coming out of my discussion of that autobiography is: how do you manage the question of context in reading a novel or an autobiography--in reading any text?
我们上次讲完了《黑孩子》,在关于那部自传的讨论中随之而来,的一个重要问题是：,当你在读小说、自传或者其他文本时,怎么处理上下文？
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Oprah gets page proofs of your novel.
她为你的小说来校对。
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And what does it mean to be an American in this novel? So, that's the question I'd like to take up today first. Coming from Lolita, the vision of America in On the Road looks quite different.
这对于小说里你是一个美国人又意味着什么？,这是我今天想让你们思考的第一个问题，《洛丽塔》里，描写的美国景象非常不同于《在路上》之中的景象。
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You just wrote a really successful novel.
你写了一部很成功的小说。
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Can you make a novel, as he says in the essay, that will "sprout wings and grow claws" in secret in his mind? That's an image taken from the metamorphosis of the butterfly within the chrysalis.
你能够让一本小说，就像他在那篇文章里说的那样，会在他,脑海里秘密的“展开翅膀，伸出爪子“？，这是从蝴蝶羽化中,借鉴来的比喻。
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It's what allowed you to speak so powerfully to people in your first novel, and you've always wanted to write an autobiography.
让你在第一本小说里,掷地有声地向人们说话,所以你想写自传。
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You wanted to be writing the great American novel, but you're not writing the great American novel.
你想书写伟大的美国小说，但你实际上不是在写小说。
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I've never taken a course of philosophy So I'm looking for it and I guess it struk me because I've never learned an art class here so much and I like the elements, images, and fictions of alienation. -OK, I missed a few words.
我没有上过哲学课,所以就选了这门课,在这里我没怎么学过,艺术课程,我也喜欢异化的元素，图像，和，小说,等等，我没听见你说的。
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All these things you can read about in these novels, but reading these novels is not just about reading about those things.
所有这些你都能在这些小说里读到，但读这些书不仅仅是为了读这些。
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To write about your life and to pretend that you're communicating the memory of what happened to you--your grief, your private grief-- doesn't contain that universalizing move that fiction, by its very essence, contains.
把你的生活呈现出来,假装成在描述发生在你身上的事，你的不幸，你个人的不幸-,不包括小说根本性的一般化处理，你看，你可以回忆我们在《尤利西斯》的广告。
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You can feel that back story to the novel. Yeah. What else?
你可以感受到这部小说的背景故事，嗯还有吗？
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