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I'm gonna keep as part of each stock, it's history of prices, which we can initialize, well, I've initialized it as empty, but that's probably the wrong thing, right?
我会把股票的历史价格，作为每只股票的一部分，我们可以先对它的历史价格进行赋值，好了，我先给它赋了空值，但是这样做可能不对，是吗？
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I think that the issue there then is that the price is too high for the good,
我觉得问题在于物品的价格太高，
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I managed to find price indexes for Norway and Netherlands going back to 1890 and compared that with the U.S.
我找到了挪威和荷兰1890年的,价格指数数据,和当时的美国作比较
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I probably should have had it being the, starting here, right, the opening price.
我可能应该从这里进行赋值，也就是开盘价格。
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I produce any quantity at all in addition to what's out there already, what's going to happen to the price?
如果我再额外生产一些产品,会对产品价格产生什么影响
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I didn't have the commercial price for the chickenpox vaccine called Varivax but you can imagine that it's even more than $50 a dose for that one.
我不知道水痘疫苗,伏痘敏的商业价格,但是你可以想象一下,这种疫苗每支的价格要超过五十美元
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They have a lot of time to look in monitor and analogues. And from a government policy perspective and a banking policy I wander whether the issue of risk of mispricing and so forth had much of the information been more generally available to the average public average person?
他们有很多的时间去关注监视器和,其他类似的东西，从政府政策,和银行政策的角度出发，我在想,错订价格的风险等议题,和其他很多信息能否让,大众，普通人更广泛地接触到？
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I think the only difference is like they import products for cheaper, right?
我觉得唯一的区别是他们用比较便宜的价格进口商品，对吧？
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It's so difficult. I can't find the right car for the right price.
这太难了。我找不到一款价格合适的车。
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The most recent example, as I mentioned before, is the huge spike in food prices around the world which has created rioting, starvation, major crises in various countries.
最近的一个例子,我之前提到过,是全世界范围食品价格的巨大变动,它在许多国家导致了骚乱,饥荒,以及其他重大危机
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I thought we should try to find out what home prices have done.
我认为我们应该试着了解,房屋价格走向的真实情况
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Now, I can set the price of a stock.
现在，我可以决定一个股票的价格了。
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So if I'm Firm 1, if I produce any more quantity, what's going to happen to the price?
如果我是公司1,我要是再生产,价格会怎么变动呢
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However, then I'll have the whole market, it's as if I'm a monopolist but suddenly I'm pricing above the monopoly price, that can't be right.
但是,占有整个市场,相当于我是个垄断企业,但是我的价格却高于垄断价格,那是不正确的
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I never want to price above the monopoly price, because I know the monopoly price, when I'm the monopolist, is the most profit I could ever make.
我绝不想高于垄断价格,因为我知道,当我作为垄断企业时,垄断价格能为我带来最大利润
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So here my best response is to price at the monopoly price.
所以这里我的最佳对策是定价在垄断价格
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Pepsi's pricing exactly at marginal cost, what's my best response?
百事将价格精确地设定在边际成本,我的最佳对策是什么
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So if Pepsi is dumb enough to price above monopoly, sure I will undercut Pepsi but I won't undercut Pepsi by a penny, I'll undercut Pepsi all the way down to the monopoly price and make monopoly profits.
如果百事笨到把价格设的高于垄断价格,我当然要定价比百事低,但不是低一点,我要把价格设得比百事低直至垄断价格,并获取垄断收益
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So basically what I'm going to do here is I'm going to set my price to equal his price, minus a little bit, I'll just undercut him a little bit and by just undercutting him a little bit, I'm going to get the whole of the market and I'll make as much money as I can on those sales.
所以基本上我要做的是,设定我的价格等于他的价格,减去一点点,我的价格将仅仅比他的低一点点,并且通过比他的价格低一点点,我将占领整个市场,那些销售带给我尽可能多的钱
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If I consume Bud Light, then I have to pay for the Bud Light, I think it typically costs less, the price, the raw price is less than Guinness but I also pay an additional cost from the fact that Bud Light, when I drink it, causes me "disutility": we'll put it politely like that.
如过我买百威淡啤酒,我必须要支付百威淡啤酒的价格,我想它会便宜点,原材料的价格比吉尼斯低,但我同样要支付附加成本因为百威淡啤酒,当我喝它的时候,味道一般,我表达得委婉一点
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If P2 is actually above the monopoly price, then what's my best response in that case?
如果P2真的高于垄断价格,我的最佳对策是什么
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So I want to figure out the best response of Firm 1 as a function of the price chosen by Firm 2.
我想找出公司1的最佳对策,并用公司2价格的函数表示
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I constructed a series of home prices -that's the red line and the red line is -you can see how it's moved through history.
我绘制了一条房屋价格的时间序列曲线...,就是那条红色的线,你可以看到它的历史走势
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What I'm going to do here is I'm going to substitute in for prices.
接下来我要用表达式来替换价格
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So it started to drift and people started to think I think a guinea is worth more than twenty shillings and the market price drifted up to twenty-one shillings.
所以，它的价值开始波动，人们开始考虑,我认为一个几尼的价值多于二十个先令的价格,于是市场价格就上升到二十一先令的价值上去了。
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She is also a PhD candidate in Economics and is doing research on the behavior of options prices in a phenomenon called the "Options smile," as she's smiling at me right now.
她也在攻读经济学博士学位,目前正在研究"期权微笑",也就是,期权隐含波动率微笑现象中的价格变动趋势,她现在正对我微笑呢
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All right, so if the other guy is pricing above costs, I want to set prices below his so that I steal the whole of the market and make profits on those sales.
正确,如果对手定价比成本高,我就想定价比他的价格低,这样我就可以占领整个市场,并获得销售利润
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I could price at marginal cost as well.
我也将价格设定在边际成本
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So here's the other issue, there's a price in this market, we might want to think of as the kind of focal price as an interesting price, and that's the price at which, the price I would choose were I the monopolist.
另外一个问题是,市场中有一个价格,可以理解为一种焦点价格,一个有趣的价格,这个价格是,我作为垄断企业时所选择的价格
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It's going to be that if my preferred beer flavor is here say, this is me, my preferred beer flavor is here, then if I end up having to consume Guinness, I have to pay the price of Guinness and I also incur some costs because Guinness isn't the perfect beer for me, it's a little bit too strong.
它变成,如果我喜爱的啤酒味道,如果是我的话,我喜欢的啤酒味道在这,然后如果我最后不得不选择吉尼斯,我必须要支付吉尼斯的价格并且,我还会支出一些成本,因为吉尼斯不是我最爱的啤酒,它太强了
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