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As every time we introduce a new programming concept, we'll relate it back, as we have been doing consistently, to defensive programming.
我们每次介绍一个,新的编程概念的时候，就会和以前讲的联系起来，就和我们介绍防卫性程序设计一样。
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Sam used to be a river raft guy, a river rafting guide, so we would go do that.
萨姆以前是漂流队的指导员，所以我们可以玩那个。
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And we can calculate that with the formula that we used, which was just n minus l minus 1 equals the number of nodes.
这个我们可以用我们以前用过的那个公式来计算，也就是节点数等于ｎ减去ｌ减去１
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Those of you more comfortable, rest assured we'll start filling in some gaps before long if you're already familiar with this.
那些程度比较好的同学，我们马上来讲一下以前遗漏的问题,如果你们已经熟悉这门课，那会觉得那容易接受。
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And, of course, there's this-- another acoustical phenomenon here we've talked about before, what's the relationship within an octave?
当然,就是这个,我们以前谈论过的,另一种声学现象,八度的内部联系是什么呢
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Over the last couple of years, we can get reasonable measurements of human activities that were hidden from us.
在过去的几年中，人类能够通过适当的方式去测量人的大脑,在以前我们根本无法做到。
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We remember the fish that we used to eat free in Egypt Okay, we were slaves, but the food was free, you know?
我记得以前在埃及的时候不花钱就可以吃鱼,虽然我们是奴隶，但是食物是免费的，你知道吗？
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Now. You might look at that and say, well that's just a lot like what we had over here Right? We had some additive constant plus a simpler version of the same problem reduced in size by 1.
现在你可能会看着这个说，这很像我们以前做过的,对不对？我们用一些附加的常量,加上问题的另外一个规模缩小了1的,简化版本来代替这个问题本身。
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There's also a distant psychological relationship with it because we just aren't as concerned as people used to be about where it came from.
心理上的感觉也变得疏远,我们不像以前的人那样,关心食品源自何方
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That doesn't come out of what we calculated before in thermochemistry.
我们以前在化学热力学中所计算的量,无法告诉我们这些。
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See? That's what we learned in the old days.
明白吗,我们以前学的就是这样
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Okay. So that's the basic distinction and, as I say, as far as I can see it's irreconcilable so it leaves us with a choice that really does have to be made, and it's a choice which looms over a course in literary theory and coming to understand the tradition of literary theory.
这就是二者基本的不同之处，我以前说过，只要二者不能兼容,我们就不得不从中选择一个，这个选择将会一直出现在文学理论课,和理解文学理论传统的过程中。
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Again we still think in terms of the basic concepts and categories ? that were created for us long ago. Okay?
但是，我们仍要思考一些基础的,概念和类别，其在很久以前,就已为我们所创建了，好吗？
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But this case should remind you of something, because this case is one that we've actually discussed before "Methuselah" under the label of "Methuselah."
但这个例子应该让你们想起一件事，因为以前我们曾探讨过这个例子,援引的例子是“
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But very quickly we go back to our base level exactly where we were before.
但很快我们会恢复基础水平,和以前的我们一模一样。
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You should be bringing some of the things we talked about when discussing his work, into dialogue with and in conflict with some of the evidence you'll be finding in the text itself.
我们需要回想以前讨论,在上帝与别人的对话中,你可以发现前后矛盾的地方。
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And what you can see is we have this new constant that we haven't seen before.
你们可以看到,这个新的常数,这是我们以前没看过的。
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It expands. You change your constraints on your system, you heat it up some more, then you take the heat source away, and you put it back in contact with the atmosphere. And you cool it a little bit, change the constraints, cool it a little bit more, and heat, and you've got a closed cycle engine.
让它与大气接触冷却,改变约束，使它继续冷却，然后又再次加热,这就是循环热机，我们以前也研究过，更复杂的机器。
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The distance to food has changed a lot because food has to come in from far greater distances than used to be the case, and that's changed our relationship with food a lot, into a distant rather than a close relationship.
现在人和食物之间的距离发生了很大改变,现在的食物来自比以前远得多的地方,这在很大程度上,我们和食物间的关系,被渐渐地拉远了
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We don't pay attention to them when they are going beyond three, but now we know we need that.
我们以前并没关注他们,对三维以上空间的研究,但是现在我们知道也需要关注那些东西
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For instance in the past, we had that silly little program for computing the average of some quizzes and it was actually a pretty bad implementation because I had essentially hard coded in the number of quizzes.
比如在以前，我们做了一个,计算平均数的程序,这是一个相当挫的实现,因为我硬编码了测试的数字。
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Constant. Ooh, constant says, no matter what the length of the list is, I'm going to take the same amount of time.
这个算法用的时间是相同的，我不这么认为，如果我们创建一个十倍于以前大小的数组。
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Well, this allows us to try to go back and explain some phenomena that over the years, mounting evidence was building that couldn't be explained.
好了，这个可以使得我们,返回去然后去解释一些，以前逐年积累的未能解释的现象,我们下节课将讨论。
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Higher entropy basically because you're forming molecules of gas where there weren't any before, and there's more disorder in the gas phase than in the liquid. That is, the gas phase molecules have more freedom to roam.
高的熵是因为,我们产生了以前不存在的气体分子,气体的无序程度比液体大，换句话说,气相的分子，有更多的到处游荡的自由度。
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We've talked about some of these already, having to do with the nature of the harmony-- that pop music tends to have simpler harmonies, and that those harmonies tend to be more repetitious, that they tend to have harmonies that have chords in root position.
我们以前说过，这个问题与和声的性质有关-,流行乐通常用较为简单的和声，流行乐通常用较为简单的和声，流行乐手也大多喜欢用原位和弦。
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The reason I want to point this out to you is, if we go back up to the kinds of data objects we started with, floats, ints, strings, they actually behave the same way.
我要为大家指出这一点的原因是，如果我们想一下以前讲过的,数据类型的种类，浮点数，整数，字符串，它们实际上有相同的行为方式。
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I want to remind you that we were talking at a fairly high level about complexity.
我想提醒大家我们以前,是在一个相当高的高度上讨论复杂度问题。
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So this is very different from what we did with slicing where we got a new copy of something.
只是和remove之前的不同了,这和以前我们拷贝,某些东西不同。
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This is the claim--not that nobody believes they're going to die; that's the one we've been talking about for the last lecture or so--but instead, the claim that everybody dies alone.
这论点是这样的，不同于我们以前所讲的;,没有人相信自己会死亡，而是说每个人都是孤独而死的。
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When Plato asked himself how could that be, the answer he gave is, well, it's got to be we were previous acquainted with the forms before our life in this world, and that shows that the soul must be something that existed prior to the creation of the body.
柏拉图问自己这究竟是怎么回事，他给出的答案是,我们有生命以前就,已经熟悉了这些形式，这就表明灵魂是在,身体存在之前就已经具有的了。
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