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That is to say, maybe the most central and, for me, possibly the most fascinating question theory asks is well, what is literature?
对我而言，理论提出的最核心，也许是最有趣的一个问题是,文学是什么？
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When do they start thinking of themselves as French? And this has been hotly debated in the literature for a very long time.
他们什么时候开始觉得自己是法国人了,这曾在文学界,引起长时间热烈的讨论
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We, too, understand the relevance of what we call "the society function."] Rather it must be elucidated in its full extent through the problem of the evolution of literature.
你们不要以为我们很幼稚,我们也明白社会功能的意义是什么],但是我们必须用,文学进化的角度来解释它的功能。
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I'm going to read parts of them to you, and together I think they give you the sort of snapshot I want you to have of where literature stands, where reading stands, at the middle of the twentieth century.
我要读一部分给大家听，这些可以给大家,一个关于二十世纪中期，文学和阅读的立足点是什么的简单印象。
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What causes literature and what are the effects of literature?
文学的缘由是什么，它又带来了哪些影响？
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Much of what we'll be reading takes up the question "What is literature?"
我们将阅读的文章很大程度上是关于“文学是什么？“
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Literariness, then. What is literariness?
文学性，什么是文学性？
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What can literature say that nothing else can?
什么是文学所独有的能力？
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You need to pin down an object of study, a first principle from which other principles can emerge, and part of the process is to say, "Hey, it's not literature we're talking about.
首要原则是，需要锁定要谈论，即学习的目标，可是，谁知道什么是文学。
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Nobody's really ever known what literature is."
谁知道什么是文学“
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You can see that when Wimsatt and Beardsley talk about the "success" of the poem, they understand the whole critical enterprise, - including its theoretical underpinnings-- the question of what is a poem, - the question of how should we best read it-- to be still geared toward literary evaluation.
大家应该发现，当文萨特与比尔兹利谈到,诗歌创作的“成功“一词时，他们完全理解了文学评论体系，这包括适用于文学评估的理论根基-,就是那些关于什么是诗歌，还有我们如何解读的问题-,这些都对文学评估很重要。
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