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And he has a theory about early life and perfectly appropriate as far as one can tell of what pre-human form he studied.
他有一个有关早期生命的理论,一般人都会觉得很正常,他研究人类之前的生命形式没有什么不合适。
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Researchers and scientists have been able to improve quality of life recently exponentially
研究者和科学家能够大幅度提高人类的生活质量，
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There is social, which is the study of how people act in groups, how people act with other people.
还有社会心理学,主要研究人类的群体行为,如何与他人交流
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It turns out that the kinds of post-translational modifications human cells are able to do are very complicated.
研究结果证实人类细胞所能完成的,翻译后修饰非常复杂
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Can you imagine a study of relationships throughout human history ? that focuses on the average?
你能想象,对整个人类历史上的恋爱关系进行研究,并求平均值吗？
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That's one for an anthropologist to figure out.
那是人类学家的研究领域
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Now several lectures down the road we'll talk about modern food and epidemiology; that is what the research on food intake and human health, and what do we know about our health and well-being based on diets.
接下来的几堂课,我们将讨论现代食品和流行病学的关系,即食品摄入与人类健康方面的研究,我们通过饮食来了解自身健康状况
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So, we would solve— We study people much as we'd study a computer from an alien planet or something.
所以我们会解决,我们就像是在研究,一部来于自外星球的电脑,或是别的东西一样,在研究人类
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And what this is going to be is a comprehensive introduction to the study of the human mind.
本课程旨在让大家,在宏观上对人类心智研究形成基本的认识
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What I want to do is to provide a state of the art introduction to the most important topic that there is: us.
我所要做的,就是向大家介绍在人文领域里,对最重要主题,也就是对我们人类的研究现状
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The study of human language has been the battleground over different theories of human nature.
人类语言的研究,是各种人性理论的重要领域
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And it took Dr. Penfield at McGill University to do the same thing with people.
而麦吉尔大学的彭菲尔德教授,则在人类身上进行相同的实验研究
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So, every philosopher or psychologist or humanist or neuroscientist who has ever thought about people has had to make some claim about the nature of language and how it works.
因此,无论是哲学家,心理学家,人类学家,还是神经系统学家,只要他们曾经研究过人类,便会就语言的特性及其功能提出某些理论
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So we're going to think about - in the next few weeks we're going to think about the human organism at different levels of magnification and I've shown those levels here.
所以我们讲到,在接下来的几周里,我们将在不同的水平下,研究人类机体,我已经讲过这些水平了
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And Lila is an anthropological study of Native Americans.
这本书是对印第安人的人类学研究。
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By taking cells from the skin, for example, or cells from your blood or cells from the bone marrow and keeping them alive in culture, we've been able to study how human cells work and learn a lot about the functioning of human organism.
举例来说,通过从人的皮肤,骨髓,或者血液中提取细胞,并在培养基中培养,就能研究人类细胞是如何工作的,并在一定程度上了解人类机体的功能
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I am convinced that you cannot study the mind solely by looking at the discipline of psychology.
我坚信,仅仅局限于心理学学科的学习,是不可能让你有能力去研究人类心理的
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From that standpoint, from that theoretical standpoint, comes a methodological approach which is, if they're all the same then you could study human learning by studying nonhuman animals.
从这个理论观点中，可以得出一种研究方法,即，如果人类与动物并无差别,那你就能通过研究非人类动物的学习过程,来研究人类的学习过程。
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One thing it's important for is clever developmental psychologists have used habituation as a way to study people, creatures who can't talk like nonhuman animals, and young babies.
原因之一就是,聪明的发展心理学家们将习惯化,作为研究人类，研究诸如非人类动物或是婴儿这样,无法进行言语表达的生物，的一种方式。
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As time goes on, we've developed ever more complex machines to study people and we've talked about some of these already: EKG machines, so an example of an electrical device that can be used to monitor a very elaborate function deep inside your body, the beating of your heart and the rhythm of your heart.
如今,我们已经有功能更加复杂的设备,来研究人类,比如之前说到的心电图,我们使用电子装置,对身体内部机能进行精确地监控,具体到心电图就是心跳和心率
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This is very important,which is why I am doing it: "If we want to know how fast a human being can run, then it is no use to average out the speed of a "good sample" of the population; it is far better to collect Olympic gold medal winners and see how well they can do.
这话非常重要，是我作这个研究的原因：,“如果想知道人类最快能跑多快，那从好的样本中测出平均数是“,没用的;,而应该收集田径类奥运冠军的信息,看他们能跑多快。
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Well, the claim that language is part of human nature is supported by neurological studies, some of which were referred to in the chapters on the brain that you read earlier that talk about dedicated parts of the brain that work for language.
语言是人类本性的一部分的这个观点,得到了神经研究的支持,在之前大家阅读的关于大脑的章节中,对专门负责语言功能脑区的探讨,就描述了其中的一些研究
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The goal of that was to take for a typical human, or for a typical - in the case of the human genome project maybe you're looking at fruit flies, you want to look at all the DNA in a fruit fly, but to look at the sequence of base pairs that makes up human DNA and write them all out; we'll talk about that later.
这个计划的目的是,建立一个有代表性人类的基因顺序,或者说是典型的人类基因组,就人类基因组计划来说,或许你在研究果蝇,你想观察果蝇内的所有DNA,而人类基因组计划是观察组成人类的,DNA的碱基对顺序并且将它们记录下来,我们不久之后会讨论这些内容
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