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Glucose has to get into cells, that's the main source of energy source that cells use, metabolism of glucose.
但葡萄糖又必须进入细胞,因为它是细胞能量的主要来源,即通过葡萄糖代谢产生能量
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It's really just the result of the virus dividing within cells of your skin, and producing a lot of dead cells.
这便是病毒在皮肤细胞内部,分裂的结果,这个过程会产生大量的死亡细胞
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That ligand was one for which the cell had a receptor that further encouraged it to produce more of the ligand.
对于带有对应受体的细胞来说,这种配体能够刺激细胞产生更多的配体
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Once you have a difference that occurs, two cells are difference, those differences can propagate as the cells continue to divide.
一旦产生差异,产生两个不同的细胞,这些差异会伴随着,细胞分裂过程代代相传
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What's a physical mechanism that could lead to differences between these two cells at this very early stage of development?
什么样的生理机制导致细胞,在发育伊始就产生这些差异
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A capability for asymmetric division and the production of cells that become differentiating more mature cells, those are properties of stem cells.
能够完成不对称分裂,以及产生细胞,并分化成为一些更成熟的细胞,这些是干细胞的性质
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What insulin is doing inside your body is acting as a ligand for insulin receptors which stimulate certain kinds of cellular responses.
胰岛素在体内的功能就是作为,胰岛素受体的配体,刺激产生某种细胞效应
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You don't want to generate a lot of cells that just start killing every cell inside your body.
你可不会希望产生一大堆这样的细胞,在你体内大开杀戒
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You get cystic fibrosis because one protein that's made by your lung epithelium is not expressed properly.
得囊胞性纤维症的病因是,肺上皮细胞产生的一种蛋白,表达不正常
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That difference has functional consequences for the daughter cells in that one of the daughter cells becomes what's called here a committed progenitor cell.
而这些差异会导致子细胞,产生一些功能上的变化,其中一个子细胞会成为,所谓的定向祖细胞
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An example of that is, of course, insulin which is produced by cells of the pancreas and acts on cells all over the body.
这种信号传递的例子,就是胰脏细胞产生的胰岛素,作用于全身各处的细胞
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The result is a cell that's very similar but it is - very similar to the progenitor cell but it's exactly the stem cell.
另一个结果就是产生一个,很像祖细胞的细胞,但却是如假包换的干细胞
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For example, what if I activated this cell by encouraging it to produce this particular ligand?
如果促使细胞产生这种特定的配体,以此来激活细胞 会出现什么结果
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This is what makes cells different, the number and quantity of the genes that they express.
这就是细胞产生差异的原因,即表达的基因在数量和质量上的差异
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So, Hepatitis is already infecting cells of their liver, their liver is actively making new virus.
乙肝病毒已经感染了他们的肝细胞,他们的肝脏正在迅速地产生新的病毒
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This is, maybe, the strangest because the ligand that stimulates the receptor is produced by the cell itself; so sometimes cells make signals that they receive.
它可能是最奇特的,因为激活受体的配体,是由细胞自身产生的,有时细胞产生让自己接受的信号
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Well, what if this division takes place in an environment where there's one kind of extra cellular matrix here and another kind of extracellular matrix here?
那如果在细胞分裂的过程中,两个子细胞的细胞外基质不同,会对它们产生什么影响
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The general word for that process of making differences between cells is differentiation.
一言以蔽之,细胞之间产生差异的过程称为分化
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Much of the work that pharmaceutical companies do in terms of searching for drugs is searching for new ligands that activate receptors and create biological responses inside cells.
很多制药公司新药筛选工作的主要内容,就是寻找能够激活受体的,新型配体,并在细胞内部产生某种生物学效应
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It could be that that signal is 'you need more glucose', and so the cellular response is to create more glucose transporters to bring more glucose into the cell.
这信号还可能是,"需要更多葡萄糖",细胞的反馈就是,产生更多的葡萄糖载体,将更多的糖分子输送进细胞
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There's one division, here it shows it at the 16 cell stage and then here, and this transformation as it goes from 16 cells to more like 64 cells.
这是第一次分裂,这里显示的是十六细胞期,然后在这里,在这里胚胎进一步的产生了变化,由十六个细胞分裂为约六十四个
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One result of this asymmetrical division is a committed progenitor cell.
这种不对称分裂的一个结果,是产生定向的祖细胞
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Cells in your pancreas, for example, are making the protein insulin.
比如说可以产生胰岛素的,胰腺细胞
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The notion is, if there's something foreign that's being produced inside this cell, then that cell must have been corrupted in some way and it has to be gotten rid of.
免疫反应的规矩是这样的,如果某些外源物在你细胞内产生,那说明这个细胞的某些地方,已经被损害了所以必须被清除掉
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A progenitor cell, the definition, it just means it can generate the cells that are typical of that tissue or that organ, so it's capable of becoming these mature classes of cells.
祖细胞的定义就是,它能产生那个器官或者组织内的,所有的典型细胞,所以它可以成为那一类的成熟细胞
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Those cells in your pancreas are making insulin.
胰腺里的细胞产生胰岛素
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The result of fertilization now is a new cell that is the union of the sperm and the egg, and it's called the zygote and it contains the diploid number of chromosomes, genes.
受精就是产生,一个精卵结合的新细胞,称为受精卵,它含有二倍体的染色体基因
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But in any event, the vaccine is intended to stimulate the immune system to produce an effector response— either antibodies or specific cells— that can combat spread of the microorganism through your body.
但无论如何,疫苗是通过,刺激免疫系统来使身体产生应答,无论是抗体还是特定的细胞,都可以阻止微生物在体内扩散
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So, these memory cells are a way that your immune system keeps track of antigens that it's been exposed to for even if maybe the plasma cells that were producing antibody in response to the initial exposure have died and disappeared.
所以,这些记忆细胞,是人体免疫系统记忆抗原的一种方法,即使由浆细胞产生的抗体,在初次免疫应答中全部被消灭,记忆细胞仍然能迅速分化为抗体分泌细胞
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The cell that's producing the signal produces enough of the molecule so that it enters the bloodstream, it circulates throughout your body, eventually it reaches a cell at a great distance, which has a receptor for that ligand and the signal gets received.
发出信号的细胞产生信号分子,数量十分充足 能够进入到血液中,信号随着血液流遍全身,最终到达较远处的细胞,在这些细胞上有与配体配对的受体,信号被细胞接收
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