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So, one simple way to code intensity is the number of neurons firing; the more neurons the more intense.
影响反应强度的一个简单因素,就是产生神经冲动的神经元数量,神经元越多,反应强度越大
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That's amazing, you can get atoms to smash atoms and create a chain reaction and create power-- that's a pretty amazing invention.
很惊人，你可以利用原子去做加速粒子,并产生连锁反应，然后创造能量-,那是个十分惊人的发明。
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That is, mix it with things which make it more make your immune system respond more strongly.
也就是说,增大剂量以使,你的免疫系统产生强烈的反应
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But in terms of drugs that don't look like maybe this compound was used in the synthesis, many of them might have used thionyl chloride, because it generates such a nice reactive intermediate that you can go on and make a bunch of different compounds from that intermediate.
但是对于药物来说,它们可能跟合成过程中用到的这种化合物并不相像，很多药物的制造过程中都会用到亚硫酰氯，因为它能产生活性如此之高的反应中间体,以至于你可以继续利用反应中间体,来制造一堆不同类型的化合物。
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Generally, there are a couple of elements that one might set down as in a Petri dish, and wait to see if some chemical reaction might take place, but not at all sure of what it might be.
一般来说，都有几个元素,作者会把它们像放入培养基中一样培养,等待某种化学反应的产生，但对可能的结果却一无所知。
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Another way to increase intensity is the frequency of firing.
另一种会增加反应强度的因素,就是神经冲动产生的频率
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Because this is not a virus at all, but it's a virus subunit, your body doesn't respond to it as strongly, your immune system doesn't respond to it as strongly.
因为这根本不是病毒,而是一个病毒亚基,机体对其反应不是那么强烈,免疫系统不会产生强烈的应答
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All these things have ripple effects.
所有我们所做的都会产生连锁反应。
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And even though it's fairly obvious what's doing that, they still misattribute that arousal to " "I must be falling in love," even with that obvious a--even with that obvious an instruction.
即使引起这些反应的原因非常明显，他们还是会产生性错觉,“以为这是爱的力量“,即使很明显，这是由于痛击实验引起的紧张。
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We'll learn more about that in a moment, but basically it allows the immune system to distinguish between viral and bacterial pathogens, and respond appropriately depending on the type of pathogen that's there.
我们一会儿会学到不少,但基本上说,这样一来免疫系统,就能够分辨出病毒和细菌病原体,并对相应的病原体类型,产生合适的免疫反应
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Again, the point today is not for you to understand in detail all these mechanisms but to understand how those basic concepts we talked about last time, basic concepts of cell communication if arranged in the right kinds of ways can lead to complex outcomes.
再说一次 今天的重点不是,要你理解这些机制的细节,而是借此理解上节课讲的基本概念,细胞通讯的基本概念如果安排得当,可以产生非常复杂的反应
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If there were just-- if you were trying to create a positive reaction of antigens and it showed up naturally wouldn't it create this reaction anyway in terms of your body would create antibodies like the secondary response volume to antibodies?
如果这里仅有,如果在自然条件下,尝试建立抗原的阳性反应,抗体这是否会像这样反应,以你身体为例,你的身体是否会产生,同二次免疫一样的抗体浓度
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When these CD8 T-cells see your MHC1 together with an antigen that doesn't belong in you, it creates an immune response.
当CD8 T细胞识别MHC1时,同时识别了不属于你的抗原,由此产生免疫反应
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The humoral immune response involves antibody production and antibodies are made by a subset of cells called B-cells.
体液免疫反应中包括抗体的产生过程,抗体是由一类称为B细胞的细胞亚族产生
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It gets produced in response to a signal so there's a binding of a ligand to a receptor, the enzyme that does this conversion is activated and more cycle AMP is released.
这类分子的产生是对信号做出的一种反应,当配体和受体结合时,催化这种转化过程的酶被激活,更多的cAMP释放出来
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The memory cells, which are stimulated, lead to an IgG response and that's why IgG is the antibody of-- that is produced predominantly after the boost, but there is some IgM produced also.
记忆细胞受到刺激之后,可以诱发分泌IgG的应答反应,这也是为什么IgG,是接种疫苗后产生的主要抗体,与此同时也刺激产生了一些IgM
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