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There have been fundamental changes through time that make the role of the central bank evolve and change through time.
试图保持系统的稳定,随着时间的发展，基本的改变发生,使得中央银行的角色演变。
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Instead of having a central bank we decided that there would be a list of banks called the National Banks.
与拥有一个中央银行不同的是,我们决定将很多银行归到,国家银行的行列中。
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And,so,the departments,along with the railroads and along with better roads also,and the banking network, increases the centralization of the French State.
各省由铁路相连,当然也有公路和银行系统,以加强法国的中央集权
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The central banks still exist so you still have the Bank of France the Deutsche Bundesbank etc.
中央银行仍然存在,所以我们现在仍然有法国银行,德意志银行等等。
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Before that the United States went through repeated banking crises when people would start demanding the gold for their notes.
才有了中央银行，在这之前,当人们向银行索要金子来兑现他们的纸币时,美国经历了一次又一次的重蹈覆辙的银行业危机。
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I think maybe the concluding lesson the central banks were institutions that emerged out of experience with bankers.
新工具的迅速扩散,我认为也许结论就是,中央银行是银行主。
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The central bank posts an interest rate that is the rate at which these member banks can borrow.
中央银行设定一个利率,这个利率是这些会员银行可以借进的利率。
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So central banks around the world began to manage became managers of inflation rather than defenders of a gold standard.
所以，世界各地的中央银行,开始管理，成为了通货膨胀的管理者,而不是金本位制度的守卫者。
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Generally it has been inflationary after 1933; central banks have generally gradually allowed prices to rise.
大体上在1933年之后，一直处于通货膨胀时期；,中央银行大都,渐渐将价格抬高。
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That's why we need independence of the central bank; we want to have a central banker that can say no to the government.
这就是为什么我们需要独立自主的,中央银行；,我们希望有一个可以对政府说不得,中央银行家。
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Well, the Fed is like that now, but what Paulson and Nason wanted to do is make it more than a banker's bank.
联邦政府现在就像英国银行一样，但是鲍尔森和内森想做的,远远不止中央银行那么点。
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In Japan in 1997 the government of Japan granted the Bank of Japan independence like the U.S. central bank.
在1997年，日本政府批准了,日本银行像美国中央银行一样拥有自主权。
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What I want to do is talk about what the Fed in this country is doing and what other central banks are doing.
我想谈论一下,这个国家的联邦政府正在做什么,并且其它的中央银行正在做什么。
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Many central banks in Europe they have dates that go back to the eighteenth or nineteenth century.
许多欧洲的中央银行,他们都能追溯到,十八世纪或十九世纪。
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And the central and also there are the banks from the regional banks that have a roll.
而且中央银行和地区银行,都有发挥的空间。
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The government can't kick the central head- head of the central bank out for failing to offer them loans when they want it.
政府不能因为当它需要资金时-,中央银行的首领没有给予它贷款,而解雇他。
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There's been a trend to making central banks more independent and there are particular things that happened.
有一个,使中央银行更加独立自主的趋势,并且一些特殊的事情发生了。
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What Paulson wants to do is make that official that the Fed is no longer just a central bank; it's a market stability regulator.
鲍尔森想做的就是使各级政府,以及联邦政府不再单单是个中央银行;,而是市场稳定的监控者。
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The Bank of England was founded in 1694 and that was the world's first central bank.
英格兰银行成立于1694年4,并且它是世界上第一个中央银行。
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In the 1960s and 70s central banks around the world were inflating the currency.
在六十年代和七十年代，世界各地的中央银行,都在使货币上涨。
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It was something like a central bank but it was different essentially in that the National Banks really didn't have authority to run monetary policy.
它像是个中央银行,但是在本质上不同,因为国家银行真的,没有什么权力运行货币政策。
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We're left with the central banking institutions that are now functioning without convertibility to gold.
我们现在与那些,现如今运行时没有金子转换功能,的中央银行机构打交道。
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The government comes to the bank and says it's a war we need the money.
政府来到中央银行说,现在是战争时期，我们需要钱。
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I think we're still in a precarious situation but I think we do have central bankers who are working effectively given the tools that they have.
我认为我们仍处于一个不稳固的情形之中,但是我们也有那些,用手中的金融工具有效率地工作的,中央银行主。
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All of these banks are really in control of short-term interest rates and these interest rates are used to try to manage and stabilize the economy.
所有国家的中央银行都可以,控制短期利率,通过控制短期率达到,管理和稳定经济的作用
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So the central bank would print up notes and give it to the government and the government would start spending it on the war.
于是，中央银行会印制钞票,并将其交到政府手中,之后政府开始,将其用到战争开销中。
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That's because it replaced central banks of the member countries of the European Union.
这是因为它代替了,欧盟成员国家的中央银行。
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The Federal Reserve System that was created in 1913 was different in that it was independent or much more independent than central banks in other countries.
913年建立的,联邦储备金系统是不同的,因为它独立，或者说比,其他国家的中央银行独立得多。
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The thought was that the central bank is guarding the money stock and governments have a tendency to sometimes want to raid the bank when they're in trouble.
观点是,中央银行在保护金融债券,而政府当看到,银行陷入困境时,有查抄这家银行的倾向。
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Well what it means is that starting in the 1930s we began to think of central banks as managing the money stock to stabilize the economy.
好吧，它意味着从二十世纪三十年代开始,我们就认为中央银行是,为了稳定经济而,管理金融债券的。
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