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On one level, there are things like companies that have two . different classes of stock that are economically identical.
一方面，我们有这样的例子，有的公司拥有两种,不同类别的股票，他们在经济意义上是相同的。
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And the only two big places to work would be Pixar and Lucas Film,
这里有两家大的公司是皮克斯和卢卡斯影业，
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And so literally, the company was two years old when we came up with these.
我们公司创建两年后,就提出了这三个优先。
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If both these firms are producing bottled water and it's identical, then the goods themselves are substitutes.
如果两家公司生产同质的瓶装水,那么它们的产品是可以互相替代的
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Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac what did they do and what role did they play?
房地美和房利美,这两家公司的职能是什么？
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What a company can do is present things in two different ways.
公司只能依据两种准则披露信息
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are going to be companies that do two things very well.
是那些能把以下两件事情做得好的公司。
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And Mark has been extraordinary, as a leader, in maintaining a very high bar and at times, walking away from people who are receiving outstanding recommendations but either don't fit from a cultural standpoint or they're not going to scale and they'd be the wrong person a year or two from now.
作为Facebook的领导者，马克始终坚持选人标准，从不手软，他经常会放弃一些,得到强有力推荐的应聘者,他们要么是在文化方面不契合,要么是因为，如果公司没打算扩张,那他们在一到两年内,会成为错误选择。
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So that could be a firm, it could be a law firm, for example, and they're going to share equally in the profits .
比如说可能是个律师事务所,这两家公司平分利润
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You can check that both firms are then playing a best response, so that's all right.
你们可以验证,两家公司都进行了最佳对策,那是正确的
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I think most of us don't believe that two firms is enough to make it a perfect competition, that the regulator shouldn't worry about the third firm.
我想大多数人不相信两家公司,就足够产生完全竞争,不相信监控者不必调查第三家公司
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This is a game in which there are two firms who are competing in the same market, and we'll give a bit more detail in a second.
它讲的是在同一个市场中,只有两家公司互相竞争,稍后我会给出更多的细节
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They're two water companies, so they're Poland Spring and Coca-Cola I guess these days, sign this agreement saying that each one's going to produce half monopoly quantity and what's going to go wrong with that agreement?
有两家瓶装水公司,比如说波兰泉和可口可乐,他们签署了协议规定,每家都只生产垄断产量的一半,这个协议有什么问题吗
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Each firm is going to produce a - c over 3b and there are two such firms.
每家公司的产量是/3b,而且市场中有两家公司
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So they're going to share equally in the profits of this firm, or this joint project, but you're going to supply efforts individually.
总结起来就是两家公司平分利润,但是都要各自为协作项目付出努力
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And the relevance of that is investors have presupposed throughout the existence of these two entities that the government would be very hesitant to let them go down.
这就使得,投资者的前提是,在这两家公司的运营期内,政府会很犹豫,让他们倒闭。
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Now, this game, this game of imperfect competition between two firms competing in quantities, was thought up and studied by a French economist called Cournot almost a hundred years before Nash.
这个博弈,这个关于两家公司的产量竞争的博弈,早在纳什出生一百多年前就被,一个法国的经济学家古诺研究过
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So even though there's only two firms here, with price competition, identical products, we end up with an outcome that looks exactly like perfect competition, except for the fact there's only two firms.
尽管这里只有两家公司,进行某种产品的价格竞争,我们得到了,和完全竞争非常相似的结果,除了只有两家公司这个事实
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So this is really the first attempt, way back in the nineteenth century to study a market that's somewhere in the middle, where it happens most markets are there are two firms.
因此这就是它的第一个诱人之处,我们要回到十九世纪,去研究一个介于两者之间的市场,那个年代大多数市场都只有两家公司
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The point is that in this game in which firms competed in prices, even though there were only two firms in the market, only one firm more than monopoly, we get a dramatically different result than we had last time.
重点是这个公司进行价格竞争的博弈,尽管博弈中只有两家公司,仅仅比垄断情况下多了一家,我们得到了与上次完全不同的结果
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These firms're making all the profits, what do you thinks going to happen in this industry?
两家公司都有利可图,那这个行业接下来会发生什么
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But we'd like a model that yields an outcome that looks-- that when you only have two firms looks somewhere between monopoly and perfect competition.
但我们想要一个模型能带来这样的结果,即,当只有两家公司时,一个介乎于垄断和完全竞争之间的情形
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So one example would be a firm that they both earn, sorry, they both own, and another example would be two of you working as a study group on my homework assignment.
也就是说这两家公司互相赚钱,我说错了,是交叉控股,另外一个例子是两名同学,为了做作业组成了一个学习小组
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You wouldn't worry about entry beyond two.
你们不用关心除了这两家以外的公司
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So the players in this game are two firms and the strategies in this game for the firms and this is going to turn out to be important the strategies are the quantities that they produce of an identical product.
这个博弈的参与人是两家公司,他们的可选策略如下,以后你会知道这是多么重要,策略是,某种同质商品的产量
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At C okay, so the Nash Equilibrium here, the Nash Equilibrium is for both firms to set their prices equal to marginal cost.
价格定在C,好的,所以这里的纳什均衡,纳什均衡是两家公司都把它们的价格,设定在边际成本
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