So, Piaget viewed the child as a scientist who developed this understanding, these schemas, these little miniature theories of the world.

皮亚杰将儿童视为科学家,认为儿童能够形成关于世界的,一系列看法,图示,或者说小型理论

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选

He claimed that children at this age literally can't understand that others can see the world differently from them.

他认为这个年龄的儿童完全没有意识到,别人眼中的世界,可以与自己看到的世界有所不同

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选

But then I ask them to think, and in the book I ask the readers to think: Well, have you given a cost of an expensive pair of shoes to save the life of one of the around 9 million children who are dying from poverty related causes each year around the world?

但是，接着我让他们思考，在书中，我让读者思考这样一个问题：,你有没有捐出过买一双鞋的钱,来拯救900万儿童中的一个生命？,他可能正因为贫困导致的种种问题,而生命垂危，每年世界上都会有这样的儿童？

普林斯顿公开课 - 人性课程节选

So, it's a cool finding of that stage, suggesting a limitation in how you deal and make sense of the world.

这是该阶段的一个重要发现,表明儿童在考虑和理解世界的方式上,存在着局限性

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选

His idea was that children are active thinkers; they're trying to figure out the world.

皮亚杰认为,儿童是主动思考者,他们试图去理解世界

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选

The child has no understanding in any real way of the external world.

儿童对于外部世界并没有什么真正的认识

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选

The child starts off grasping the world only in a physical way, in a sensorimotor way, but when he gets to the preoperational period, the capacity to represent the world, to have the world inside your head, comes into being.

开始的时候,儿童只能通过生理的方式,通过感知运动的方式,来认识世界,但是当儿童进入了前运算阶段,他们便逐渐拥有了表征事物,在头脑中构建世界的能力

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选

But the cases of specific language impairments suggest that all of that is wrong, because there are children in this world right now who are plenty smart, who really want to communicate, and who are entirely social creatures but they can't learn language.

但是特殊言语损伤的案例表明,以上的所有都是错的,因为现在在世界上,会有些足够聪明,想要交流,完全社会生物的儿童,他们无法学习语言

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选