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So, what happens is the UCS and the CS, the bell and the food, go together because they happen at the same time.
发生的事情不过是,无条件刺激与条件刺激，铃声与食物，因为恰巧同时出现而联系在了一起。
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Let's pretend that you have gone out to a dinner with a friend and it has been delicious
假如你与一位朋友外出就餐，食物非常可口。
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But in some parts of the class the distinction between nutrients and food is made quite distinct.
但是在我们的某些课程中,营养素与食物之间有明确的分水岭
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We learned about cognitive neuroscience using the study of face recognition as an important case study-- human differences, behavioral genetics, nature and nurture, sex and food.
我们学习了认知神经学,引用面部识别的研究,作为重要的例子分析-,还学了人体差异，行为遗传学，先天与后天，性与食物。
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Your stomach is a very complex organ that has a muscle layer, it has an epithelial layer which is the interface with food that comes in, and it also has a nervous system, so does the heart.
你的胃是一个非常复杂的器官,它拥有一个肌肉层,有一个与摄入的食物,相接触的表皮层,也有一套神经系统,心脏也有
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And others would saying in addition to the traditional ideas of keeping these Jewish dietary laws involved, we should add an understanding based on the needs of the planet and the suffering of the animals that are potentially involved with our food resources.
另一些人可能会建议，除了,保持传统的,犹太饮食教规，我们应当理解,地球的需求和动物的痛苦,而这些都是与我们的食物来源有关系的。
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Does it change how humans appreciate food, what it does to their relationship with food, and of course what it does to their health and well being.
这会改变人类对待食物的方式吗,这会对人类与食物的关系有什么影响,这对人类的健康又有什么影响
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This idea that humans have evolved, that physical changes have occurred in humans as a consequence of their food environment, has led us to where we are now.
探讨人与食物的关系,探讨人类机体,由于食物环境而产生的变化,是我们今天坐在这里的原因
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And it means the people in Los Angeles who were eating their food, a lot of it shipped in from far away have a distant relationship with it.
这意味着曾自给自足的洛杉矶人,所吃的食物要从远处运来,所以人与食品间的关系被拉远了
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Well, how do these two humans differ in their relationship to food?
这两类人与食物的关系有什么不同呢
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What made things go so awry that people and food used to be more in sync in terms of health and well-being, although there were problems in some ways.
是什么让一切偏离正轨,尽管有些方面存在种种问题,过去人与食物的关系,就健康方面而言,要比现在更为和谐
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Well, the only way you know is to do studies-- and we'll talk about how these are done in the next class-- linking dietary behavior, food intake with health.
了解这些的唯一方法是做研究,而在下一节课,我们会谈论具体过程,联系饮食习惯,食物摄入与健康
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And because of this nutritionism, because of the reductionism where we have become so precise about what we eat in terms of its tiny constituents that we've lost track of the bigger picture of food.
由于被营养学,以及简化论所左右,使得我们对食物的,简化论:社会调查的一个名词指用个体层次资料揭示宏观层次的现象 每一点细节都变得特别在意 即用比较低的分析单位来测量而作出的是比较高的分析单位才能得出的结论,反而失去与食物在宏观上的联系
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And then you can look at food disappearance data and that's sort of a connection with the food production data: not so much how much is produced but how much of it is disappearing from the--the food supply.
然后看看食物消耗的记录,会与食物生产的数据,有某种联系,与其看在食品供应中生产了多少,倒不如关注被消费了多少
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Now if any of you are interested in exploring this issue of food and history there's an awful lot written about it a number of books that have been written about it that are quite good.
现在,如果谁,对探究食物与人类历史的关系有兴趣的话,有很多关于这方面的著作,很多这方面的好书
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This shows part of the changed relationship with food.
这个展现了人类与食物关系改变的一部分
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There is a researcher at The Harvard Medical School named David Ludwig who's done a terrific series of studies on the glycemic index and found how it relates to food intake, body weight regulation, and health.
在哈佛医学院有一个研究员,名叫大卫·路德维格,他在血糖指数方面,做了一系列出色的研究,并发现了血糖指数与食物摄取,体重控制以及健康之间的关系
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The person who does that best is Michael Pollan, and when you read his book, In Defense of Food, he spends some time in the book defining what food is and working through this--this quagmire of how do we define food and what's acceptable to eat, what's socially acceptable, what's personally acceptable.
这一点上迈克尔·伯伦做得最好,你们可以看看他写的书《为食物辩护》,他在书中给食物下了定义,并深入地探讨了这个难题,即如何区分食物与能吃的东西,社会普遍接受的东西,个人能够接受的东西
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Well it has to do with our distance from food, our psychological and physical distance from food, and the fact that we don't appreciate it as much as we do because it's everywhere all the time and we've been trained to eat outside of the normal meal times.
我想这和我们与食物之间的距离有关,包括与食物之间的心理距离和身体上距离,事实上,我们没有给予食物足够的重视,因为食物随手可得,无处不在,而且我们都习惯在非用餐时间吃东西
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There are a number of different methods that scientists use to see what foods are related to particular health outcomes, and we won't go through all of them but I will -over the course of the class we'll talk about various methods, but I'd like to talk about two primary ones today.
科学家有很多不同的方法,来研究食物与健康的关系,我们不会一一提及但我会,这门课上我们会提到很多方法,但我今天只想说两大重要方法
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And then there would be the butchering of the animal, there would be the securing the crops from the fields, and then bringing it to wherever you were going to eat it, which burns more calories and requires more physical effort, compared to the person on the right that really doesn't have to do much at all.
然后,他们要屠宰动物,要看护好地里的庄稼,还要把食物带到进食的地方,与右边的人相比,他们消耗更多卡路里,需要更强的体力,后者根本不必需付出那么多
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There was a time when people were very close to their food.
有一段时期人类与食物的联系很紧密
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They can be on store shelves for a long period of time, and that has to do with the economics of food, especially food available to the poor, which we'll discuss later.
因此可以在商品货架上销售很长一段时间,这也与食物的经济学价值有关,特别这类食物穷人也买得起,这个我们以后会讨论
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Now we'll go back further than 10,000 years to talk about the history of food, but in those--but at 10,000 years ago several very important changes happened that have shaped to a great extent what our modern relationship with food is.
让我们回到一万多年前,来讨论饮食史,但是,一万年前,发生了一些很重要的变化,这些变化很大程度上塑造了,现代人类与食物的关系
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