It allows for this map between a symbol, say a spoken word, and any sort of thought we want to use.

语言允许在符号,比如说出的一个词,与我们想要使用的任何想法之间,存在着这种映射关系

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选

So compare the definition of words with what's written here in the nerdy notation on the board.

不妨去对比一下这个定义的,文字表述与黑板上的符号表述

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

He says: he signification "sign" has always been comprehended and determined, in its sense, as sign-of, signifier referring to a signified, signifier different from its signified.

他说，“符号“的意义“,总是被理解和决定的，在符号这个意义上，能指指向所指，能指与它的所指不同。

耶鲁公开课 - 文学理论导论课程节选

And what this means is we can use --take any arbitrary idea in the world, the idea of a chair or a story or a country, and make a sound or a sign to connect to it.

符号任意性是指,我们可以拿来世间任何想法,比如椅子,故事,或是国家,再发明一种声音或符号来与之相联系

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选

All right, q has to be just the opposite of this because we've already figured out that there's no change in u.

好，q一定与它,相差一个符号，因为我们已经,指出U是不变的。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

One of the texts of de Man -also in the book called Allegories of Reading where you'll find also a version of the essay "Semiology and Rhetoric" one of the essays that those who had actually read de Man actually argued about in a persistent fashion is called "The Purloined Ribbon."

德曼的一篇文章,同样在《阅读的寓言》这本书中能找到,在这本书中还能找到“符号学与修辞“的一个版本“,这是一篇读过德曼的人都会,不停争论的文章，它叫“偷窃的缎带“

耶鲁公开课 - 文学理论导论课程节选

So very similar idea, but the only thing is, I'm slightly abusing notation here by saying that my payoff depends on my strategy and a belief, but what I really mean is my expected payoff.

这和以前的概念差不多,唯一的不同,就是我这里稍微用了一些数学符号,来表述策略带来的收益与所持信念有关,这里的收益指的是预期收益

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选