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No, we call that work positive work. All right, so that means we need to put a negative sign right here, by convention.
历史上有过不同的习惯，这里我们规定,如果环境对系统做功。
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In my classes? Not as much. I think, I'm a pre-med neuroscience major,
在课上吗？没有太多。我是神经系统科学专业的医学预科生，
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And therefore as a system, the difference between Israel's God and the gods of Israel's neighbors was not merely quantitative. It was qualitative.
而从系统上看来，以色列上帝和其他国家的神之间的区别,不只是数量上的，更是性质上的。
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So the system will not be described by a single state variable during the path.
因此系统将不能被,路径上的单一状态变量描述。
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It's possible that due to the methodological limitations of Piaget, he systematically underestimated what children and babies know.
皮亚杰很可能由于研究方法上的局限,而系统地低估了婴幼儿的理解能力
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The synapse is just this anatomical region of contact between two adjacent cells in the nervous system.
突触是解剖学上,神经系统相邻两细胞的连接区域
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Only the operating system has controlling of byte zero NULL in the computer's RAM and so if a function ever returns null, aka zero, well, something must have gone wrong because that can't possibly belong to me that memory because by human convention zero is owned by the operating system; not by a program I wrote.
只用操作系统在内存中能够控制,字节0，并且如果一个函数返回，或者说0，好的，可能出错了,因为那可能是不属于我的内存,因为惯例上，0是由操作系统拥有的,而不是由我的程序拥有的。
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Even if quantum mechanics was wrong and somehow, you know, at the macro level all the indeterminism boils out-- whatever-- and at the macro level we are deterministic systems, so what?
即便量子力学是错的,而且不知怎的,在宏观水平上,所有的非决定性都蒸发了,不管发生了什么,在宏观水平上我们都成了决定论的系统,那又如何
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You've got these warehouses along the canals and here's where the bankers-- the Dutch had the most, along with the English, had sophisticated banking system in the world.
你已经见过了这些运河旁的仓库了,这些银行家们,大部分来自于荷兰,同时也来自英国,他们拥有世界上最复杂的的银行系统
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So let me just return once again to the way in which sign systems are intelligible because lots of- there are going to be lots of moments in a course like this in which what we seem to be saying is that, "Oh, we can't know anything," or "We don't know what we know," or "How do we know what we know?"
现在让我们回到,怎样理解符号系统的话题上-,这个学期你们会有很多时候觉得,天哪，我们什么也认识不了“,或者，哎，我们其实并不了解我们以为理解的事“
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Control systems, pretty much is, think of an automotive automobile.
控制系统，很大程度上就像你能想到的汽车的自动系统。
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You've got to place the boundary at exactly the right place, otherwise you've got a bit too much in your system or a bit too little.
你要把边界,设置在正确的位置上，否则你的系统就会要么多出一部分,要么少一部分。
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So we could ask, in this narrow sense, what properties do languages have and then go on to ask, in a broader sense, what other communicative systems also possess those properties.
我们可以发问,从狭义上说,语言拥有何种特性,然后我们可以接着发问,从广义上说,哪些其他的交流系统也同样拥有那些特性
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So there's p v work and it's given by the integral minus p external dv or just the integral from one to two of dw.
我们知道对于pv系统来说,功w可以写成黑板上的两种不同形式。
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Once we've made some generalizations about language in this narrow sense, we could then ask, and we will ask, to what extent do other systems such as animal communication systems relate to this narrower definition.
一旦我们在狭义上,得出了某些关于语言的概论,那我们就可以发问,诸如动物交流系统之类的其他系统,会在多大程度上,符合这个狭隘的定义呢
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We're going to talk about those in more detail in a couple of weeks when we talk about the immune system because these are the cells that perform and regulate the functions of our immune system that protect us from disease.
在后几周的有关免疫的课程上,我们会详细说明的,因为我们免疫系统的功能,要依靠这些细胞去完成和调节,它们使我们免受疾病侵害
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- And, in fact, let's see -- -- don't do this at home or on our systems -- but let me go ahead and do nano don't do this dot C. Let's go int main ahead and do int main void.
然后，实际上，让我们看看-,不要在家里或者在我们的系统上这样做-,但是让我们继续处理nano，dontdothis，c文件,让我们继续。
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So it turns out a really nice shortcut on most systems, oops, is to say if you have a file called hello.c and you wanna turn it into a program called hello, well, make hello just write in the command makeHello and it will do all of that for you automatically and hand you a program called hello.
就是寻找一种能在大多数系统上运行的更快捷的方式，哇！,也就是说，你有一个hello，c的文件,你想把它变成一个名为hello的程序，那么只需要敲入命令,它就会自动为你生成,一个hello程序。
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