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They often involve networks of reactions, not just one enzyme but a series of enzymes that serve to amplify each other.
这些反应通常包括一个反应网络,不只是一种酶,而是一系列的酶来进行级联放大
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Of course, she needs to know the basic principles, but she's also talking about it an enzyme, so she needs to know about enzyme catalysis.
她需要知道这表上的许多东西，当然她需要知道到这些基本原理，她研究的是一种酶。
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That cutting is done by special proteins called restriction enzymes.
切割是由一种特别的蛋白质完成的,称为限制性内切酶
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Enzymes work best, enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions and our bodies operate by elaborate networks of chemical reactions, When we're off from that temperature then they don't work properly.
举酶这个例子再好不过,酶是一种具有催化作用的蛋白质,人体依靠精密复杂的化学反应网络来运转,如果我们体温与之相差较大,这些酶就不能正常工作
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So, these are receptors, for example, that bind the ligand and then liberate an enzyme which promotes some sort of reaction inside the cell, often it's kinases but doesn't have to be.
例如,这里是受体,与配体相结合,激活一种酶,这种酶能够催化细胞内的某些反应,这些酶通常都是激酶,但不全是
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A reaction performed by one enzyme creates a product that stimulates another enzyme that creates a product, and stimulates another enzyme, and through this cascade of reactions you amplify and carry the signal forward.
一种酶催化生成的产物会活化另一种酶,而它催化的产物又能激活其他酶,催化反应生成另一种产物,通过这层层反应,信号被放大,并不断向前传递
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Another family is receptor tyrosine kinases, I'll show another picture in a moment that tells you more about what a kinase is, but a kinase is basically an enzyme that can add a phosphorous to another molecule.
另一类是酪氨酸激酶受体,马上我给你们看另一张图,这张图会更详细地告诉你们激酶是什么,激酶是一种能够,向其他分子上添加磷酸基团的酶
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If that protein is an enzyme then you've and you've switched it from an 'off' position where it's not catalyzing a reaction to an 'on' position where it is, you've changed the biochemical state of the cell, you've changed the chemical reactions that can occur within the cell, and you've changed its behavior.
如果这种蛋白是一种酶的话,你就能够将酶从无催化作用的静息态,激活至能催化反应的激活态,你改变了细胞的生化状态,也改变了细胞内发生的化学反应,改变了细胞的行为
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One of the enzymes that often gets activated is an enzyme which converts ATP, a small molecule that is inside all of our cells.
在经常被激活的酶中有一种酶,其功能是转化ATP,ATP是一种,存在于所有细胞中的小分子物质
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It was found in strain R, a particular strain of E.coli, and it was the first one found, There's a nomenclature that's evolved for this.
酶被发现于R菌株,大肠杆菌中一种特别的菌株,又是被发现的第一种内切酶,有一种专门为此制定的命名法
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In this same way, this process of transcription which is occurring in cells throughout body all the time is made possible by a protein called RNA polymerase.
NA的合成也很类似,身体内每个细胞内,转录过程的进行都是在一种称作,RNA聚合酶的蛋白质催化下进行的
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HIV, HIV is a natural virus that contains an enzyme in it.
IV,HIV是一种自然病毒,里面有一种酶
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If you have two different ligands stimulating two different receptors, and one causes activation of this enzyme and generation of cyclic AMP, cyclic AMP levels will start to rise.
如果有两种不同的配体,刺激不同的受体,一种能够活化酶,并促进生成cAMP,cAMP的水平就会升高
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Restriction enzymes are just a kind of enzyme, enzymes are protein molecules that make a chemical reaction go faster, and the chemical reaction that restriction enzymes do is cutting DNA.
限制性内切酶是一种酶,而酶是加速化学反应的蛋白质分子,限制性内切酶加速的化学反应,是切割DNA
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This gives you a biological mechanism for cutting, using restriction enzymes, and then you denature so that it falls apart, and then you renature so that it comes back together.
这是一种切割DNA的生物机制,用限制性内切酶,改变DNA的性质让它打开,然后让它合起来恢复它的性质
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The promoter in this case is called the lac promoter and normally in micro-organisms that lac promoter is used to produce a gene called lacZ which makes a protein called beta-galactosidase.
在这个例子中的启动子称作lac启动子,通常在微生物中,lac启动子是用来生成,一段叫lacZ的基因,这段基因,能制造一种蛋白叫β-半乳糖苷酶
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When a certain enzyme is activated inside cells, ATP gets converted into a molecule called cyclic AMP, and cyclic AMP is an example of one of these molecules called second messengers.
细胞内的某种酶被激活后,ATP就能转化为一种叫cAMP的分子,cAMP是一种第二信使分子的范例
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You add a special DNA polymerase called Taq polymerase And Taq polymerase is a polymerase that was identified, a DNA polymerase that was identified from an organism that lives in regions of the earth that are constantly at high temperature.
然后你加进一种特殊的,被称为Taq的DNA聚合酶,Taq聚合酶是已被鉴别出的聚合酶,这种DNA聚合酶是从一种生活在,地球上某些常年高温的区域中的,生物体内发现的
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In order to have DNA you have to make DNA and your cells are continually making DNA inside your body, through a process of DNA synthesis and that synthesis is occurring because of the presence of an enzyme, a protein called DNA polymerase.
为了使每个细胞都具有DNA,身体通过一个叫做DNA合成的过程,不停的生产DNA,这个合成过程是在,一种酶的催化下进行的,这种酶叫做DNA聚合酶
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If another receptor operating from a different ligand does the same thing, generates an enzyme which causes cyclic AMP to increase, the rate of cyclic AMP increase is going to go up faster than if only one of these was activated.
如果受另一种配体激活的受体,能够完成相同的过程,即激活一种能够促进cAMP生成的酶,cAMP的生成速率会比,只有其中之一被激活时更加快
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