And all ion channels are selective for a single type of ion, and we can think about how that selectivity takes place, and that's where this idea of atomic radius is going to become very important.

所有的离子通道都是仅对某一种离子具有选择性的，而我们可以来想一想这种选择性是如何发生的，这也就是原子半径这个概念将会变得，非常重要的地方。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

And, subsequently, we looked at photoelectron spectroscopy which is a technique that allows us to determine binding energies, ionization energies being just one example.

随后，我们看了光电子谱,这是一种只用一个样品,能够测量结合能，离子化能的技术。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

And when we talk about any type of ion channel, there are just tons of different kinds of ion channels, and you can characterize them in a few different ways.

而当我们讨论任何一种离子通道时，离子通道有非常多种，你可以用几种不同的方法来描述它们。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

It can exist in - a gated ion channel - can exist in one or two states.

它们能够存在于,门控离子通道有一种或者两种状态

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Another way to talk about different types is to think about which ion they're selected for.

另一种方法是通过,看它们是针对哪种离子的。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

And this reaction here is the inverse of ionization, isn't it?

这是离子化的另一种形式，不是吗？

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

Here is an ion gas.

这是一种离子气体。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

So if you're trying to make a more complicated organic molecule carbon-carbon bonds are one of the most difficult things to make in organic chemistry, and it turns out that c n minus is a very reactive molecule, so it's a good way, even though we'll go over some drawbacks in a second, it is a good way to make carbon-carbon bonds.

如果你要合成一个更复杂的有机分子,碳碳键是有机化学中,最难制造的键之一，而实际上氰离子是一种具有很高活性的分子，用它是一个好办法，尽管我们一会儿将看到它的一些缺点，但它的确是一个制造碳碳键的好方法。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

Now, remember we talked about these last time, voltage-gated channels are channels that would allow the passage of sodium, in this case, but they can exist in two states, a closed state and an open state.

还记得我们上节课讨论过的吧,电压门控通道是,一种可以容许钠离子通过的通道,在这一例子中 电压门控通道有两种状态,关闭状态和开放状态

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, one such ionic liquid is magnesium chloride.

一种离子液体就是氯化镁。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选