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And typically, we'll be treating at least some cases where we're dealing with ideal gases in which case we can easily get delta u.
那么我们也可以定出功，对吧？,典型地，我们至少会处理,一些理想气体的情况。
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A third example is when you're pondering something. Maybe you haven't quiet made up your mind,
第三种情况是，当你在思考一些事的时候，你可能还没有完全想好。
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And some of them might be spinning clockwise, in which case, according to the right-hand rule we would consider them spin-down.
而另一些电子则是在顺时针自旋，在这种情况下，根据右手定理,我们会以为它是在向下转。
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In very severe cases, it can even defile some common objects, and in those cases, the source of impurity might have to be isolated or excluded if necessary.
在一些非常严峻的情况中，它会玷污一些普通的事物，在这种时候，不洁之源,也许只能被孤立，严重的话需要驱逐。
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Because here what we have is some atom that we're studying, in the case, it's going to be a gas, and we hit it with a photon that has some incident energy.
因为这里我们要研究的是一些原子,在这种情况下，一般是气态的，然后我们令一个,具有一定初始能量的光子打上去。
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You have to exclude those causes that generate moral hazard problems for the insurance to work; otherwise, the whole system will fail.
你得将一些,有可能会产生道德风险的情况,排除在外;,否则，整个保险系统就失效了。
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In some cases, especially the later on you go, some shops that have quite a few slaves that worked to produce these things.
在某些情况下,特别是历史越往后发展,一些作坊拥有不少奴隶,生产手工制品
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The obvious one is to divide it in half, but there may be cases where there are different divisions you want to have take place.
之前的例子是为成两份，但是也有可能在一些情况之下,要分成不同的份数。
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So that happened to a number of American Internet companies.
一些美国互联网公司碰到过这样的情况。
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So we started collecting cereals and things like that from various countries, and found in this preliminary study, that it was the case, the American foods were sweeter.
我们从全球各地,收集了一些麦片之类的样本,研究发现,情况确实如此,美国的食品相对要甜一些
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They don't have to know something in this case.
在这种情况下他们不需要知道一些东西。
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In some cases that backbone gets methylated and those regions of the DNA that are methylated get treated differently by the cell than unmethylated regions.
一些情况下,主链会甲基化,该甲基化区域的DNA,和未甲基化区域的DNA,会被细胞区别对待
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It can help us specify, add specificity to our conversations.
它能帮助我们特别说明一些情况，或者在谈话中更具有针对性。
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Yeah. Tell us about the state of the Afghan national army I have heard the good thing about the progress that it has made there.
能说说阿富汗国民军官兵的情况吗,我听说了我们取得了一些进步。
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attempt to, you know, make things you couldn't see otherwise,
想做出一些别的情况下你看不见的东西，
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So that's something that we will do, and I will tell you more about at mid semester.
这就是我们要做的一些事情，在学期中段我会告诉你们更具体的情况。
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In rare, but not unheard of, cases, some people begin to have those unusual biological processes and then return to the normal biological processes and can talk about what was happening in the unusual biological processes.
在少见,但并非从未听闻的,情况下,有些人开始,经历那样一些不正常的生理过程,然后回归正常的生物学过程,他们可以谈论,在那个不正常的生物过程里发生了什么
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just because in some rare instances it's misused.
我们不能仅仅因为这种实验方法在一些情况下被滥用就完全摒弃这种方法。
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In many cases, it's less actually here, so.
在很多情况下，这里的东西还会便宜一些。
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In the extreme case, where we disregard taxes and we have to disregard some other problems, we get the same answer.
在极限情况下,忽略税的因素,再忽略一些其他因素,就得出了同样的答案
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Now, in other cases you might want to introduce a gene that's not even normally present in people.
但另外一些情况还需要导入,人类细胞中原来没有的基因
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And, in some instances, they can be made to behave more nearly metallic.
而且，在一些情况下，它们能表现出更接近金属的性质。
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So the exceptions are useful when you want to have the ability to say, I expect in general this kind of behavior, but I do know there are some other things that might happen and here's what I'd like to do in each one of those cases. But I do want to make sure that I don't let a value that I'm not expecting pass through.
所以当你希望有能力说,我希望一般是这样的行为,异常是很有用的,但是我明白还有一些其它的情况可能发生,我希望对每一种情况都这么做,但是我跟希望能保证,没有让一个预期之外的情况漏过去。
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That's a really good question, and I'm talking in terms of generalities here but the specifics matter.
这是一个很好的问题,我在这里讨论的是普遍情况,但是还有一些比较特殊的例子
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For a couple of reasons. In some ways, this would be nicer, do expected cases, it's going to tell you on average how much you expect to take, but it tends to be hard to compute, because to compute that, you have to know a distribution on input.
关注最快的情况，在某种意义上来说，因为一些原因这样想挺不错的，当我们处理一个给定的问题,计算平均时间的时候,是很难计算的，因为你并不知道输入的分布情况,这些输入会是怎么样的呢？
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The equally-weighted case that I gave a minute ago was one where the two assets had--were at the same-- had the same expected return and the same variance; but this is quite a bit more general.
我刚刚举的相同权重的例子,表示两种资产-,有相同的预期收益和相同的方差;,但这种情况更加普遍一些。
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The ones that get talked about the most in terms of health, the one is sodium of course, because salt intake but the others are important for health as well and in some cases they're being consumed in large amounts and some in small amounts.
提到最多的和健康相关的矿物质,当然就是钠了,因为人每天都吃盐,但其它元素对健康也同样重要,某些情况下,矿物质的消耗量会很大,而在另一些情况下则很小
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And this is absolutely confirming that what is happening is what we would expect to happen, because we would expect the case of reality is that, in fact, some shielding is going on, but it's not going to be total shielding, but at the same time it's not going to be no shielding at all.
因为我们期望看到的真实情况是,事实上,一些屏蔽发生了,但它不是完全的屏蔽，但与此同时它也不是，一点屏蔽也没有,如果我们从实验中得到电离能是多少。
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They had to work on that, they had to devise-- they had to get an appraisal industry that could appraise houses and get some idea of what they're really worth.
他们得做些工作，他们要设计出-,他们不得不借助于评估机构,以便于鉴定房屋情况，并且得知一些,其真实价值的参考意见。
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