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Thermodynamicstalks about equilibrium systems and how to go from one state of equilibrium to another state of equilibrium.
热力学研究的是平衡系统,以及如何,从一个平衡态转变到另一个平衡态。
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She starts at the beginning of her day and goes through task after task, chore after chore, project after project
她从一天的开始说起，从一个任务说到另一个任务，从一件杂活说到另一件杂活，从一个项目说到另一个项目。
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But the interesting thing I realized along the way is that payment is another form of communication.
我渐渐意识到一个很有趣的事实：,付款是另一种交流方式。
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All right, so I need to tell you the path, when I go from one state to the other.
好，当我从一个状态过渡到另一个状态时，我需要告诉你们路径。
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I don't want you to just have you go from room to room with people saying, MIT welcome to MIT.
我不希望你们从一个房间到,另一个房间，都听到有人跟你们说，欢迎来到。
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Another example of using this technique is to produce therapeutic proteins from cloned DNA and I'm going to describe this one.
另一个运用到此技术的例子就是,从克隆的基因中制造治疗性的蛋白质,我会具体说这个例子
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And so as the other man is being carted off to the guillotine to be killed, our hero takes his place.
所以当另一个人被装在车里押到断头台行刑时，我们的主角就代替了他。
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What America do we see? I'm going to look back to a passage I talked about in a different vein last time, on 26 and 27, just for one quick example.
看到什么了呢？，我们看到了什么样的美国？，我想回到,上一次讲另一个脉络时讲到的段落，在26到27页。
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So the legal situation was set up to try to keep the wife's ownership as part of a different family, and so her money didn't go to her husband, and his money didn't go to her.
所以立法的本意是,保持妻子所有权于另一个家庭，这样她的钱就不会流到丈夫手中，丈夫的钱也不会流到她手中。
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That would be another story.
路易十四时期的自然疆界指的是从莱茵到阿尔卑斯山脉东麓］ 那就是另一个故事了
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Because they said the experiment must go on, very often, people went-- most people, Americans went on and shocked that person, even to the point of the other person whimpering and begging to be let out, simply because of the word, " "the experiment must go on".
因为他们说实验必须进行下去，经常的，人们会-,多数人，美国人都会继续电击那个人，甚至电击到另一个人哭泣,恳求放他出去，仅仅是因为那一句，“实验必须进行下去。
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The centrality Aristotle ascribes to politics forces us to consider another question ? namely what is the purpose of this study?
亚里士多德加到政治中的,中心论点迫使我们考虑另一个问题,即这门研究的目的为何？
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So what that means is the compiler is actually going to first "cast" so to speak 13 from whatever it is - to a float -- to a floating point value -- and then perform the division for us.
所以这里的意思是编译器将,做“计算“，譬如13这样一个浮点数,-到另一个浮点数-,然后为我们处理除法。
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And the memo will be a dictionary that maps me from a number to Fib of that number.
这个memo就是我从一个fib数,到另一个fibs数的记录字典。
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If you stepped somewhere else, a bathing beauty would cover herself up behind some bushes.
如果你踩到了另一块,一个正在沐浴的美女便会藏到树丛里去
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Then the relative price of gold versus silver shifted to the point that the gold with at the twenty-one shilling exchange rate the gold shilling was worth less the gold guinea was worth less than twenty-one shilling.
之后，金子相对于银子的相对价格,就移动到另一个值,在二十一个先令的兑换率下,金先令价值少于,金几尼的价值少于了二十一个先令的价值。
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z So the main idea here is z effective is not z, so don't try to plug one in for the other, they're absolutely different quantities in any case when we're not talking about a 1 electron atom.
所以这里主要的观点是有效的z不同于，所以不要尝试将一个插入到另一个，当我们不在讨论1个电子的原子时,它们在任何情况下是绝对不同的量子数。
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You know, so that, I think, is a major transition from one to the other.
所以，我想，这是从一个地方到另一个地方的主要过渡。
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So, practitioners who understood what we would know to be chemistry were highly valued in that society. And then, you may expand it to other chemical processes, dyeing of cloth, glassmaking, and metals extraction.
所以，理解我们所知为化学的,先行者们，在那个社会是,非常宝贵的，当时，你可能将其扩展到另一个化学过程，如布料的染色，玻璃的制造，还有金属提取。
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David Hume Another example of this is another philosopher,David Hume, whom we'll be reading at the end of the semester.
另一个例子是另一个哲学家，你们在学期末就会读到他。
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So, we take our two equilibrium states, and you just put an equal sign between them, and the equal sign means go from one to the other.
我们写出两个平衡态，然后你只需要在它们之间放一个等号，等号表示,从一个过渡到另一个。
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They carry a potential, that is, if you could - if you had a tiny, tiny electrical meter, you could one put one electrode on one side of the cell membrane, on the extracellular side and one on the intracellular side and measure, you would measure a potential difference; just like a battery you would measure a potential difference.
它们带有电势,就是说,如果你能有一个足够小的电位计,可以把一个电极放在细胞膜一侧,假设放在细胞外的一侧,另一个电极放在细胞内侧并测量,你能测到一个电势差,就像电池那样能测到电势差
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They're small molecules that - whose principal function in the body is to carry signals from one cell in the nervous system to another.
它们都是小分子,在体内主要功能是在,神经系统内将信号,从一个细胞传导到另一个细胞
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So action potentials are used by tissues in different ways to send signals from one cell to another or from one end of one cell to another end of the cell.
所以组织以不同的方式利用动作电位,将信号从一个细胞传递到另一个细胞,或从一个神经末梢到另一个神经末梢
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Things like electricity, having electricity delivered to your home, so you had to have ways to generate electricity and to carry it from point to point and it was engineers that did that.
比如电,为了让电传输到千家万户,人们必须想办法发电,并将电从一个地方输送到另一个地方,是工程师做到了这些
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One of the reasons why you would want to segregate things into certain regions is that molecules have to move in order to accomplish these things; molecules have to move from one place to another.
将细胞功能定位于某个固定区域的,另一个原因是,生物大分子需要移动,以完成某些功能,分子从一个地方移动到另一个地方
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We're going to talk in some detail, not a very high level of detail, but in some detail about how this communication takes place between cells and how the information is passed down one of these cells today.
我们还要讨论些细节问题,但不是太深,今天只讲细胞间通讯的发生原理,和信息怎样从一个细胞传递到另一个细胞
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And this just is another list, I mainly wanted you to have it in your notes of diseases that are important around the world, for which there are very active programs to develop either vaccines or more effective vaccines.
这是另一个表,我希望你们做笔记时把它加到,世界上这些严重的传染疾病上,因为现在有一些项目致力于开发,针对这些疾病的疫苗或者改进式疫苗
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Just because it looks as though we can imagine it and just because it seems as though from the fact that we can imagine one without the other, it just won't necessarily follow that we really do have two things that are separate and not identical in the real world.
仅仅是因为我们似乎能够,想象到一个事物独立于,另一个事物存在这件事,并不能说明,在现实世界里,有这样两个,相互独立,而且不相同的事物
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In fact, that's their preferred state is suspended in a fluid where nutrients are widely available to them, and where they can swim from one spot to another in order to get the nutrients they need, or in order to run away from toxic compounds.
事实上,细菌更喜欢生活在,营养丰富易得的悬浮液中,它们可以从一个点游动到另一点,以获取所需营养,或逃离有毒物质
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