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And now we're almost done, except what we H really want is delta H and not delta U, right.
我们差不多已经完成了,除了我们实际上想要的是Δ
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It turns out after you do all the math, H it turns out to be delta H equals zero.
要等你做完所有的计算之后，才能知道结果，结果证明Δ
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Some of you are sound asleep, deep in delta.
有些现在正蒙头大睡，就是δ波。
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So if we think about what that delta energy is, we call that the ionization of the 2 s, that's different from saying second ionization energy.
因此如果我们考虑这个，Δ，E，是什么的话，我们可以称它为，2，s，电子的电离能，这与我们前面所说的第二电离能是不同的。
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Now, you know with constant volume, H now it's not going to be delta H that's U straightforward to measure, it's going to be dealt u, all right.
好，现在你们知道在体积恒定的条件下，我们得到的不是Δ,我们直接测量到的是Δ,好，但这基本上也是一样的。
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How do we go from that experiment to H the terms that we're trying to get, these slopes.
我们怎样从实验得到我们想要的量？,记住，我们想要得到Δ
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U OK, so let's look at delta u. Delta u is q plus w.
好的，让我们看看Δ
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u=0 And it's approximately equal to zero for all real gas processes.
在所有理想气体绝热过程中Δ,对真实气体近似为零。
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So I'm going to write that immediately here, u=0 because I know the answer to that path here.
等温过程，我们可以得到，Δ
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So delta u of reaction is approximately equal T to negative Cv for the calorimeter times delta T.
所以反应的ΔU近似等于,负的量热计的Cv乘以Δ
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Which means that q1 over T1, that's this delta S thing that we saw before.
也就是说q1除以q2本质上是，我们之前见过的那些含Δ的量。
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u=q+w We have a relationship between them.
它们之间有关系Δ
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Then you get successively deeper, II through IV, slow, irregular, high amplitude delta waves, and then once you reach stage IV you start going up again, up through stage III and II.
然后睡得越来越深，从第二到第四阶段，慢，不规则，高振幅的δ波，等你到达第四阶段，你又开始返回，第三阶段和第二阶段。
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This depends on the path. It tells you right here the path is constant pressure. These don't depend on the path, right. V doesn't care how you v get there. u doesn't care how you get there.
这由变化的具体路径决定,这个小脚标表明过程是恒压的,这些量都与具体路径无关,即不管是通过什么路径使得体积变化为Δ
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u=0 Constant temperature isothermal delta u is zero.
对等温过程，Δ
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It's tabulated in books, and this we can measure p in the experiment. Delta p here is the change in pressure from the left side to the right side, and we can put a thermometer, measure the temperature before the experiment and measure the temperature after the experiment.
这列在书上，这个量我们在,实验中也可以测量，在这里Δ,是从左边到右边的压强变化，我们可以放一个温度计，去测量实验前的温度,再去测量试验后的温度。
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u=q+w All right, what is delta u? delta u is q plus w.
好，Δu是多少？Δ
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So in principle, if I measure how much hotter, I can determine how much heat was produced, and from that, I should be able H to calculate delta H at T1.
所以原则上，如果我测量，变热了多少，我就能确定，有多少热被产生,从中我就可以计算T1下的Δ
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OK, delta H is delta of u plus pV. By definition that's how we define enthalpy up here.
好，ΔH=Δ,根据定义，这就是我们。
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H=qp The u plus p V. Delta H is equal to q V.
括号里面的就是H，等于u+pv，Δ
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STUDENT: from the T delta V p to the delta p here?
学生：,从TΔV到这里的Δ
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V The convention, and then we need to stick to it.
等于Pext乘以Δ
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PV So I have minus delta pV plus delta pV.
所以我把负ΔPV加上Δ
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PV Now delta u is minus delta pV.
现在Δu=-Δ
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And what we say when we talk about the delta energy is I E 2 that this is going to be equal to i e 2, or the second ionization energy, or we could say the negative of the binding energy of a 2 s electron in b plus.
那么我们说,Δ，E，应该等于，或者说第二电离能，也就是正一价硼中，2，s，电子的,束缚能的负值。
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In fact, we're going to do some of that today, u OK, calculate delta u.
待会我们就来看看，怎样计算Δ
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And that in the case of constant volume, U in this case that's my delta u, and then I'll H add my little delta n term to get delta H.
这是在等体情形下，此时的到的是Δ,然后我可以加上Δn的项来得到Δ
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RT So it's delta u plus RT, we can say T1 is the n temperature we've used here, delta n of the gas.
所以它应该是ΔU加,我们可以在这里用T1，气体的Δ
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And so they defined them, p after many experiments, the limit of this 0 delta T delta p and the limit of delta p goes to zero as the Joule-Thomson coefficient.
他们定义了这些量，以及它们的范围，ΔT比Δ,Δp的极限趋近于,叫做焦耳-汤姆逊系数。
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Therefore, from experiments, u is only a function of temperature for an ideal gas, H and therefore from these experiments, 0 we come out with delta H dH/dp is equal to zero.
因此，从实验可以得出,对于理想气体u只是温度的态函数，因此从这些实验中我们得到Δ,偏H偏p等于。
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