First produced in a lab back in 2004, graphene is essentially a single layer of pure carbon atoms bonded together in a honeycomb lattice so thin it's actually considered two-dimensional.
石墨烯最早在2004年诞生于一个实验室，本质上是一层由纯碳原子组成的蜂窝状晶格层，薄到竟被认为是二维物质。
However, Cao found that sometimes graphene can change.
然而，曹发现石墨烯有时会发生变化。
Cao's papers are about graphene (石墨烯), the thinnest and strongest in the world.
曹的论文是关于石墨烯的——世界上最薄却最坚硬的物质。
Layers of graphene make up the graphite found in pencil lead.
铅笔芯里的石墨就是由多层石墨烯组成的。
In other words, you can do transformation optics using graphene.
换句话说，你就可以利用石墨薄膜来进行变换光学了。
The researchers extracted graphene from graphite using ordinary adhesive tape.
研究者使用普通胶布从石墨中提取石墨烯。
As amazing as graphene is, a lot of people are talking about the researchers themselves.
就像是石墨烯给人们带来的惊奇一般，人们也在热议这两位研究者。
Apart from stiffness, graphene is possibly better known as a potential silicon replacement.
除了刚度，石墨烯更著名的是其有可能替代硅。
Both of these are important advancements towards using graphene for DNA sequencing, "he says."
这两个结果是采用石墨烯进行DNA测序研究的重大进展。
One way of introducing a bandgap into graphene is to make extremely narrow ribbons of the material.
给石墨烯引入带隙的方法之一是制作极窄的石墨烯带。
Tests showed the graphene layers were stretchy, as strong as steel and almost completely transparent.
实验结果显示石墨烯具有弹性，如同钢一样坚韧，几乎是完全透明。
In this case, a carbon nanotube is basically a rolled up sheet of graphene the size of a DNA molecule.
这里的碳纳米管基本上就是一层卷成筒的石墨，其大小相当于一个dna分子。
"We are also developing more complex graphene circuits for even more sophisticated devices," says Lin.
“我们也同时研究更复杂的石墨烯电路，制作更复杂的器件。”林表示。
The discovery of graphene came from simply sticking graphite to some adhesive tape, and peeling it off.
将石墨粘在一些胶带上，然后撕下胶带——石墨烯的发现就是这么简单。
However, unlike the semiconductor silicon, graphene has no gap between its valence and conduction bands.
然而，与半导体硅不同，石墨烯的价带和导带之间没有带隙。
The ribbons also have smooth edges, something that is crucial for making electronic devices out of graphene.
这种石墨烯带还拥有平滑的边缘，而这是制造基于石墨烯的电子器件的关键。
From this information they calculated the improvement in stiffness the graphene gave to the polymer composite.
通过这些信息他们可以计算出加入石墨烯后高分子复合材料的刚度改进。
Kinloch said the stiffness the graphene gave to the composite was better than any ever seen in their LABS before.
金洛克说石墨烯给予高分子复合材料的刚度在他们的实验室里前所未见过。
"Graphene and chemically modified graphenes, like graphene oxide, are exceptionally promising materials," he added.
“石墨烯和它的化学修饰版本(如石墨烯氧化物)，是非常有前途的材料，”他补充说。
A voltage is applied along the graphene surface as DNA strands are passed slowly through the slit one base at a time.
DNA链按每次一个基本单元的速度缓慢通过，同时沿石墨烯面加上一个电压。
The researchers are now extending their work to single graphene sheets that have been transferred onto silicon wafers.
研究人员目前正在扩展他们的工作，将单层石墨烯迁移到硅晶圆片上。
Unfortunately, graphene disintegrates above 600oC, so the team had to think of a clever way of mixing the two materials.
不幸的是，温度高于600摄氏度，石墨烯就碎裂，因此研究团队必须想出一种巧妙办法将两种材料融合在一起。
But cool this graphene down to near absolute zero and something extraordinary happens: the electrons speed up dramatically.
但是将石墨单原子层冷却到接近绝对零度时，不可思议的事情发生了：电子的速度得到显著增加。
Both born in Russia, Geim, 52, and Novoselov, just 36, showed that graphene has unusual properties related to quantum effects.
两位获奖者都出生于俄罗斯，格姆52岁，而诺沃塞洛夫才36岁，他们展示了石墨烯具有与量子效应关联的特殊性质。
Since its discovery less than a decade ago, researchers have learned that graphene conducts heat and electricity extremely well.
它问世不到十年，研究者就发现石墨烯有极其良好的导热和导电性能。
IBM researchers have made the first graphene circuit in which all of the circuit elements are integrated on a compact single chip.
IBM研究员近日在一个单晶片上成功制成世界首个石墨烯电路。
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