Other epigenetic processes appear to occur randomly, while others are normal, such as those that guide embryonic cells as they become heart, brain, or liver cells, for example.
其他的表观遗传过程似乎是随机发生的，而其他过程则是正常的，比如那些引导胚胎细胞成为心脏、大脑或肝细胞的过程。
Studies of animals, for example, have shown that when a rat experiences stress during pregnancy, it can cause epigenetic changes in a fetus that lead to behavioral problems as the rodent grows up.
例如，对动物的研究表明，老鼠在怀孕期间经历压力会导致胎儿表观遗传发生变化，进而导致啮齿动物在成长过程中出现行为问题。
When animals are cloned, epigenetic changes can occur.
克隆动物后，表观遗传的变化就会发生。
And drinking and smoking can have epigenetic effects in offspring.
吸烟酗酒也会对子女产生外遗传影响。
Unlike the human genome, however, the epigenetic code hasn't been mapped.
与人类基因组不同，这种次生的密码至今还未被绘出图谱。
Free radicals provide a very good case study of how epigenetic processes play out.
自由基为研究表观遗传过程的发生提供了很好的例子。
Such epigenetic mechanisms permit a common genotype to producemultiple possible phenotypes.
像这样的后生性机制允许普通基因型产生多种可能的显型。
Improving technologies are now providing a broader look at the epigenetic changes linked to environment and behavior.
日新月异的科技使得我们可以用更广阔的视野看待与环境和行为相联系的表观遗传变化。
But because the DNA code itself remained unchanged, Morris's team suggest that the changes in gene expression are epigenetic.
但由于DNA密码本身并无变化，莫里斯的团队认为这些基因表达的调整是表观的。
But it's hard to tell in most natural populations whether inheritance is due to DNA sequence variation or epigenetic changes.
但在自然界大多数种群中，很难判断遗传是否源于DNA序列改变或者表观基因变异。
It may be that epigenetic changes could be reinforced by mutations in the DNA, making them stable and heritable in the conventional way.
也许表观基因变异会因DNA突变而得到强化，且由此变得稳定并以常规方式遗传下去。
Drug companies have developed some treatments that reset epigenetic information in cancerous cells, making them revert back to being healthy.
各大制药公司已研发出一些治疗方法，可以将癌细胞中的表观遗传信息进行复位，使这些癌细胞回复到健康状态。
Methylation is an epigenetic modification to one's DNA that changes a gene's activity, generally reducing that activity within the genome.
甲基化作用是对DNA的后天修改，并改变基因活动，通常是在基因组内减少这个活动。
Previous studies have shown that factors in the mother's environment during pregnancy can cause "epigenetic" modifications to the fetus's DNA.
之前的研究表明，母亲怀孕期间的环境因素可能会导致胎儿的DNA出现“表观遗传”变异。
The process, known as DNA methylation, is one mechanism of epigenetic change, heritable change that does not alter the sequence of DNA itself.
该过程被成为DNA甲基化，是表观遗传变化的一种，属于不会改变DNA序列的可遗传变化。
However, he cautions, there is no direct evidence of this, and no specific evidence that the behaviors are transmitted through epigenetic mechanisms.
不过，他也提醒，目前尚没有直接证据证明上述理论，也没有明确证据证明行为的继承是通过表观遗传机制实现的。
The importance of such “epigenetic” inheritance is controversial; some researchers reckon it trivial while others think its role is underestimated.
这种基因调整后进行的遗传的重要性还受到争议；一些研究者认为它是不重要的，然而另一些认为它的角色被低估了。
Andrew Hudson at the University of Edinburgh says there is a clear implication that "DNA methylation and epigenetic changes are important in evolution."
爱丁堡大学的AndrewHudson表示，这明显意味着“DNA甲基化和表观基因变异在进化中是非常重要的”。
Johannes speculates that there might be an "obscure epigenetic editing process going on" that repairs disadvantageous epigenetic states for crucial genes.
Johannes推测也许存在一个“不明显的表观基因改写过程”，这为关键基因修复了有缺点的表观基因状态。
Moreover, the methylation patterns were clustered together in large swaths of DNA, suggesting an epigenetic pattern linked to humans’ early environments.
而且，甲基化的模式在DNA长链中被聚集到一起，显示了与早期环境相关的后天模式。
According to Dr Szyf, epigenetic modifications in response to maternal care occur during the first week of life after birth—the so-called critical period.
Szyf博士认为，受母性关怀影响的表现遗传性变化出现在出生后的第一周，那是所谓的关键时期。
If Chong's group can confirm that fetal alcohol syndrome causes epigenetic changes in humans too, it might allow the syndrome to be spotted earlier on in life.
如果Chong的研究小组能够证明，胎儿酒精综合征导致人类出现表观遗传变异，也许我们在生命形成的更早阶段就可以发现它。
Many researchers say these so-called epigenetic changes are as important as genomic variation to controlling cell function and, ultimately, an individual's health.
许多研究者认为这种所谓的次生变化在控制细胞功能及最终控制个体健康方面与基因组的变化同样重要。
This suggests that if women drink too much in pregnancy, epigenetic changes may cause some of the permanent symptoms seen in fetal alcohol syndrome in their children.
这表明，妇女如果在孕期饮酒过多，表观遗传变异可能会导致他们的子女出现胎儿酒精综合征中的一些固定症状。
Chong says she doesn't know whether epigenetic modifications due to alcohol are passed onto the next generation of mice, but she hopes to find out in upcoming studies.
Chong说，她不知道动物实验中由酒精导致的表观遗传修饰是否会传递给下一代，她希望能在未来的研究中有所发现。
It is through epigenetic marks that environmental factors like diet, stress and prenatal nutrition can make an imprint on genes that is passed from one generation to the next.
通过外基因标记（epigenetic marks）作用于基因，环境等后天因素比如饮食，压力，孕期营养，就会影响下一代。
The 2007 pilot results were eye-opening: Chromosomes harbored many previously unsuspected sites where various proteins bound—possible hotbeds of gene regulation or epigenetic effects.
2007年的试验结果令人眼界大开：染色体上藏着许多以前不为人知的位点，那里结合着各种各样的蛋白——可能是基因调控和表观遗传效应的温床。
Crucially, these well-adjusted rats then gave their own babies the same type of care-in effect, transmitting the behaviour from mother to daughter by inducing similar epigenetic changes.
至关重要的是，这些适应力强的老鼠也给它们自己的下一代同样的关怀，而实际上这正是因为诱导发生了相似的表现遗传学变化，使得这种行为代代相传。
Environmentally triggered alterations in genes - known as epigenetic changes - can affect when a gene is activated, how robustly it is turned on and how it interacts with neighboring genes.
环境所引发的基因变异被称为“表观遗传变化”，它可能会影响基因被激活的时间、被激活的程度以及它如何与邻近基因相互配合。
Environmentally triggered alterations in genes - known as epigenetic changes - can affect when a gene is activated, how robustly it is turned on and how it interacts with neighboring genes.
环境所引发的基因变异被称为“表观遗传变化”，它可能会影响基因被激活的时间、被激活的程度以及它如何与邻近基因相互配合。
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