Bitcoin assumes that the majority of nodes in its network are honest, and resorts to a majority vote mechanism for double spending avoidance, and dispute resolution.
比特币假设其网络中的大多数节点是可靠的，并且依靠于一个多数人投票的机制避免双支出，以及调节纠纷。
To prevent e-cash from double-spending and unlimited increase in the records of databases, an improved offline e-cash system based on elliptic curve cryptography was proposed.
为防止电子现金重复花费和数据库记录无限制的膨胀问题，改进了现有的利用椭圆曲线密码系统构造的离线电子现金系统。
The double-spending is the kernel problem in the E-cash scheme, since the copying of E-cash is very easy.
由于电子货币容易被复制，所以防止电子现金的重复花费是设计电子现金方案必须考虑的安全问题。
The bank which issues the electronic cash does not carry out the check-up of double-spending.
发行电子现金的银行不再进行电子现金的重复支付检查。
The bank which issues the electronic cash does not carry out the check-up of double-spending.
发行电子现金的银行不再进行电子现金的重复支付检查。
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