苹果DOS 3.1每个磁盘条使用13个扇区的数据。
原始材料可能由RAM或硬盘组成，但是不管是哪种情况，文件系统数据结构都是组织由硬件制造商格式化了的扇区和字节。
The metal might consist of RAM or hard disks, but in either case, file system data structures organize the sectors and bytes formatted by the hardware manufacturer.
当这导致某些扇区或节点无效时，将最终丢失宝贵的数据。
When this makes some sectors or inodes invalid, you will end up losing valuable data.
更重要的一点是，大面积数据的退化过程可能会毁掉小部分扇区的内容。
What's more, a decay process that would leave a large-scale bit of data readable could destroy some smaller-scale bits.
坏扇区降低硬盘性能，有时甚至使数据写入(如文件保存)困难，甚至是不能。
Bad sectors slow down hard disk performance and sometimes make data writing (such as file saving) difficult, or even impossible.
图1显示一个数据块(例如一个512字节的扇区)，末尾有8字节的附加部分。
Figure 1 shows a data block (for example, a 512 byte sector) with the 8-byte footer attached to the end.
想一下，当Linux想在一个带4096字节扇区的新磁盘上读写这些数据结构时，会发生什么事情。
Consider what happens when Linux wants to read or write one of these data structures on a new disk with 4096-byte sectors.
f开关告诉命令去自动修理错误，r开关则定位坏的扇区并恢复可读数据。
The f switch tells the command to automatically fix errors and the r switch locates bad sectors and recovers readable data.
但要注意一点，如果一个硬盘驱动器不是全新的，该驱动器上可能存在数据，其中可能包含一个引导扇区病毒和其他危险数据。
However, be aware that if the drive is not new out of the box, it may have existing data on it, which could include a boot sector virus and other nasty things.
这个标准为每扇区都增加了一个数据完整性字段(DIF)以保护介质上的数据。
This standard adds a data integrity field (DIF) to each sector to maintain data protection on the medium.
这些算法可使每个字节使用较少的数据，从而比使用 512 字节扇区能纠正更多严重问题。
These algorithms can use less data on a per-byte basis to correct for more serious problems than is possible with 512-byte sectors.
另一方面，对不一致数据结构的写操作需要磁盘的固件首先读取两个扇区，修改两个扇区的分区，然后写两个扇区。
Writes of misaligned data structures, on the other hand, require the disk's firmware to first read two sectors, modify portions of both sectors, and then write two sectors.
仔细查看，就会发现硬盘事实上在扇区之间包括大量额外数据，这些额外字节由磁盘固件使用，以检测和纠正每个扇区内的错误。
When you look closer, hard disks actually include a great deal of extra data in between sectors. These extra bytes are used by the disk's firmware to detect and correct errors within each sector.
分区是由磁盘上相邻扇区组成的容器，分区是由简单数据结构定义的。
Partitions are containers that consist of contiguous sectors on the disk; partitions are defined by simple data structures.
如果文件系统数据结构正好与底层物理分区大小一致，对4096字节数据结构的读写会产生对单一扇区的读写。
If the file system data structures happen to align perfectly with the underlying physical partition size, a read or write of a 4096-byte data structure results in a read or write of a single sector.
然后，服务器的磁盘头随机移动到磁盘的各个区域查找更改或更新过数据的磁道或扇区。
Then, the server's disk head had to move randomly over all areas of the disk to get to the proper track and sector for the data that was changed or updated.
当需要更改少量数据时，Ext2文件系统将整个扇区复制到内存(DRAM)中，在内存中合并新数据，并写回整个扇区。
When a little amount of data needs to be changed, the Ext2 filesystem copies the whole sector to memory (DRAM), merges the new data in memory, and writes back the whole sector.
磁盘的第一个扇区专用于一个保护性MBR，它是一个法定 MBR数据结构，它定义一个单一分区类型0xEE (EFIGPT)。
The first sector of the disk is reserved for a protective MBR, which is a legal MBR data structure that defines a single partition of type 0xEE (EFI GPT).
全盘加密：采用全盘加密系统或者存储加密网关系统，将数据库文件所在的磁盘扇区进行加密。
Overall encryption: the use of a comprehensive encryption system or storage encryption gateway system, the database file where the disk sector encryption.
当数据库访问磁盘扇区的时候，对加密扇区再进行解密。
When the database accesses the disk sector, the encrypted sectors are decrypted.
这也表明磁头需要更紧地贴着盘片读取数据，或者磁场也可能影响到周围的扇区。
That also mean that the head must be closer to the disk or the magnetic field may influence the surrounding sectors.
读写模块读出卡中第一扇区的第一块数据中的卡号。
In read-write module read-out card in first leaf of area first data card number.
FLASH通常是按照扇区来擦除整块的数据。
FLASH erases in much larger chunks of memory commonly referred to as sectors.
一个512字节的磁盘存储区，每个磁盘扇区含有两个256字节的磁盘数据块。
A 512 byte area of disk storage. Each disk sector contains two 256 byte disk data blocks.
启动扇区是驱动器的一部分，包含重要数据及一个用来启动计算机的小程序。
The boot sector is a portion of the drive that contains vital information about the drive and a small program used to start your computer.
重写前的数据已不见了但是损坏扇区中的数据呢？
Sure the overwritten data is hidden, but what about bad sectors?
苹果分区可以描述任何的分区编号，而且数据结构位于硬盘上连续的扇区。
The Apple partition can describe any number of partitions, and the data structures are in consecutive sectors of the disk.
讨论了视频采样、硬盘物理扇区读写、频数据压缩与解压缩等关键技术。
Some key techniques, such as video sampling, hard disk physical sector reading or writing, video compression and decompression, are discussed in detail.
它还支持在卡的扇区上读取和写入数据。
它还支持在卡的扇区上读取和写入数据。
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