本文给出了复杂系统模型结构辨识问题的基本假设和定义；
This paper deals with the structure identification problem of complex system models.
例如，装有复杂的控制装置的早期高速列车模型无法在暴风雪中运行，因为风扇会把雪吸进电力系统。
For example, early models of high-speed railroad cars loaded with sophisticated controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm because a fan sucked snow into the electrical system.
一个复杂的系统在上下文模型层级中拥有不止一种的分解层级，但是在实践中，通常只有一种。
A complex system could have more than one level of decomposition in the context model level, but in practice there is generally only one.
无论成功还是失败，如此杰出的尝试都会教给我们如何运用模型预测极其复杂的适应系统。
The success or failure of this prominent attempt can teach much about using models to predict extremely complex adaptive systems.
我不是一个建模的狂热者，或者创建一个非常详细而复杂的，以便读者可以还很好的在系统中查看源文件的模型的人。
I am not a fan of modeling for the sake of modeling, or creating a model that is so detailed and complex that the reader might as well look at the source code in my system.
当前的编程与集成模型是否已足够构建复杂的联结系统？
Are to current programming and integration models enough to build complex connected systems?
作为代替，地球系统科学家们将真实观测和复杂的电脑模型组合在一起。
Instead, Earth system scientists combine observations of the real world with complex computer models.
工程中的所有工作形式都依赖模型来理解复杂的、真实世界的系统。
All forms of engineering rely on models to understand complex, real-world systems.
由于逻辑或物理模型是现实中的系统的抽象，它通常非常复杂，由很多构建块和关系组成。
Because a logical or physical model is an abstraction of the real-world system, it is usually very complicated, and it consists of many building blocks and relationships.
协同性建模 以服务高复杂的系统，在这里维护模型的抽象性是非常重要的
Reconciled modeling for complex systems where it's important to maintain the abstraction in the model
随着象Windows这样基于GUI操作系统的出现，GUI开发平台依靠复杂事件模型来设计和构建单个应用。
With the arrival of GUI-based operating systems like Windows, platforms for GUI development relied on complex event models to design and build standalone applications.
有科特模型，还有其他模型，比如复杂适应系统【译注4】，其他影响组织变革的方法。
So there's the Kotter model, there are other models, like complex adaptive systems, and other ways of influencing change in organizations.
ecma脚本语言(ActionScript2)嵌入在MXML中以处理事件、系统事件或构造复杂的数据模型。
An ECMA scripting language (ActionScript 2) is embedded in MXML to handle user events, system events, or to construct complex data models.
软件应用程序必须满足不同的涉众需求，因此描述这些系统的模型也一定具有复杂性。
Software applications must satisfy a diverse set of stakeholder needs, and consequently, the models describing these systems must likewise be complex.
一个完整的与该架构相符的模型是对该理解的关键——并且对于减少风险及管理系统的复杂性是必要的。
A complete, consistent model of that architecture is the key to that understanding — and is essential to mitigating risk and managing the system's complexity.
模型通过只公开系统的某些特定方面来简化复杂的系统。
A model simplifies a complex system by exposing only some aspects of the system.
在实践中，一个模型常常是不够的，复杂的系统可以用从简单到复杂的多个模型表示。
In practice, one model is not always enough and a complex system may be represented by a range of models, from simple to complex.
总之，种种约束限制了关系数据库系统的灵活性，并因此限制了系统用户在数据库内部实现复杂、交互式模型的能力。
Overall, these restrictions limit the flexibility of relational database systems and, thus, the ability of users of such systems to implement complex, interactive models within the database itself.
说出这些词的时候，DNA模型尚未建立，数字技术尚未应用，信息管理系统专业尚未出现，复杂性理论尚未诞生。
These words were spoken before the arrival of the DNA model, before digital technology, before departments of information management systems, and before complexity theory.
一个早期的、不那么成熟的系统所创造出来的模型又怎能正确地模仿和预测后期的、复杂得多得多的系统呢？
How can models, created within an earlier, cruder system, properly simulate and predict the behavior of a later and vastly more complex system?
这些设计原则使得DPTK 不仅仅只是玩具代码生成器，而是一种功能齐全的模型驱动的开发工具，可以生成非常复杂的系统。
These design principles make DPTK more than a toy code generator; it is a fully featured model-driven development tool that can generate complex systems.
高度可定制的包可能内含复杂的元模型，但所关心的内容是依照业务的系统实例化。
Highly customizable packages may have a complex meta-model internally, but what is of interest is the system's instantiation in terms of your business.
机床数控系统可能会成为复杂3d模型、航空件和医疗零件加工中减少循环时间、提高精加工表面质量的障碍。
A machine tool's control can be a barrier to reducing the machining cycle time and improving the finish of complicated 3d molds, aerospace parts or medical-device components.
由于故障征兆和故障类型之间常常存在复杂的非线性关系，使得诊断系统的数学模型很难获取。
Because fault symptom space and fault space have complicated non-linear relations, the mathematical model of diagnosis system is difficult to build up.
除此之外，用以模拟每秒以十倍速度放电的神经键的模拟模型没有能够符合真实系统的全面复杂性。
In addition, simple models describing each synapse as firing about 10 times per second fail to capture the full complexity of the real system.
上述问题这意味着直接法在处理这类大扰动影响下的模型信息缺失的复杂大系统的稳定性问题时存在一定局限性。
It is implied that there exist some limitations in direct methods when they are used to analyze the stability of large complex systems without enough model information.
为了估算年龄，尼尔森及其小组采用了一种结合化学试验、数学模型和生长测量的复杂系统。
To get the age estimates, Nielsen and his team used a complex system that combines chemical tests, mathematical models and growth measurements.
而风险模型和风险管理系统较为复杂的大银行则可以选择协议规定的“内部评级法”，或者简称为“IRB”。
Bigger Banks with more sophisticated risk-modelling and risk-management systems can opt for what Basel 2 calls the "internal ratings-based approach", or IRB.
适当的复杂性：Einstein采用了一些包括资源和模型在内的简单技术来减少实现分布式系统的复杂性。
Complexity friendly Einstein has adopted a few simple techniques to reduce the complexity of implementing distributed systems including Resources and Models.
适当的复杂性：Einstein采用了一些包括资源和模型在内的简单技术来减少实现分布式系统的复杂性。
Complexity friendly Einstein has adopted a few simple techniques to reduce the complexity of implementing distributed systems including Resources and Models.
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