Applying structural approach to modeling default risk, the pricing of default risk zero-coupon bond and a credit spread term structure under incomplete information is developed.
运用违约风险评估的结构化建模方法，在信息不完全的情形下推导了风险零息票债券的定价公式，并得到了此时信用利差的期限结构。
This paper describes the share of risk on material prices under the mode of pricing by bill of quantities and the necessity of enhancing risk management on material prices by the contractor.
阐述工程量清单环境下材料价格风险的分担以及承包商加强 材料价格风险管理的必要性。
Under uniform clear pricing method, no matter what risk type power supplier takes, in format, the optimal bid is its cost minus loss of failure, and then adds uplift.
但在统一出清电价下，无论发电厂商是何种风险类型，其最优报价在形式上均为在其运行成本减去竞价失败损失的基础上再加上一个提升量。
Under uniform clear pricing method, no matter what risk type power supplier takes, in format, the optimal bid is its cost minus loss of failure, and then adds uplift.
但在统一出清电价下，无论发电厂商是何种风险类型，其最优报价在形式上均为在其运行成本减去竞价失败损失的基础上再加上一个提升量。
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