As a new research direction in the field of supply chain, closed-loop supply chain is on the first step of study, which is mainly limited to the efficiency and effectiveness.

闭环供应链是供应链领域一个新兴的研究方向，在国内外的研究还处于起步阶段，范围也大多限于效率和效益等方面的分析。

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As a new research direction in the field of supply chain, closed-loop supply chain is on the first step of study, which is mainly limited to the efficiency and effectiveness.

闭环供应链是供应链领域一个新兴的研究方向，在国内外的研究还处于起步阶段，范围也大多限于效率和效益等方面的分析。

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