China issued the Africa Policy Paper in a bid to consolidate and strengthen relations with African countries and expand cooperation with Africa in all areas in the new situation.
发表中国对非洲政策文件，主要是希望在新的形势下，进一步巩固和加强同非洲国家的关系，以及扩大和非洲在各个领域的合作。
This paper briefly introduces the advantages and shortcomings of proper lowest bid evaluation method and puts forward several requirements.
文章简要介绍了合理最低评标价法的优缺点，并且对其提出了几点要求。
Abstract: This paper analyzes the causes of bid-rigging with the conspiracy theory, points out that the decisive factors of bid-rigging are the income and the cost of it.
用合谋理论对串通投标成因进行分析，指出串通投标形成的决定性因素是串通投标收入和成本。
By practice of engineering calling for tenders and bid evaluation, combined with relative regulations, the paper analysed some bid evaluation methods.
通过工程招标评标的工作实践，结合有关法规，对几种评标办法进行了总结分析，供招标和投标单位在实际工作中参考。
This paper studied on the system analysis, design and application of water and electricity project bid management information system based on cost analysis.
本文就基于造价分析的水利水电工程招标管理信息系统的系统分析、设计与应用问题进行了研究。
The paper explicates the budgeting content of bid construction organization design and has instructional significance for budgeting of bid construction organization design.
对投标施工组织设计的编制内容和重点作了详细说明，对编制投标施工组织设计有一定的指导性。
This paper gave a dynamic bid decision model and presented a new view of the plan selection based on the owner utility.
本文给出了一个工程项目投标报价的动态决策模型，并且基于业主的效用提出了一个报价方案选择的新观点。
The bid procedure and tender evaluation model that this paper puts forward consider comprehensively the tender duration, bidding price, technology and comprehensive strength of contractor.
本论文提出的招标程序及评标模型，考虑了投标报价、投标工期、承包商的技术和综合实力。
The paper makes a study on how construction corporations take measures to win the bid under this new evaluation pattern.
在这一新的计价模式下，施工企业应如何采取积极的应对措施。文章就此问题作了简单的探析。
Combining the real situation of bidding in the architectural market, this paper deals with the strategy of bid quotation.
结合建筑市场的招标投标实际情况，浅议投标报价策略。
Some conclusions in this paper can be the reference for some activities of bid evaluation and engineering implementation.
本文的探讨性结论，可为新建核电项目的招评标和工程的实施，提供一定的参考。
This paper probes into the evaluation of the rationality in the bids quote and some perfecting measures on the evaluated - lowest - cost - as - bid - winner approach.
本文对经评审最低价中标法中投标报价合理性评审和一些完善措施进行探讨。
The paper introduces evaluation system of technical economy on inviting bid letter for desulfurizing engineering developed and evaluation target of evaluation system.
介绍了研究开发的脱硫工程招标书的技术经济评估体系，以及评估体系中的评估指标。
The paper discusses about the rational rules on contract packaging, construction period and bid-ding price for highway projects.
探讨了公路工程招标项目中划分标段、确定工期和标价等问题的合理性原则。
This paper probes into the target of the contract management in tender stage of international engineering, the main content of which is how to win the bid and how to sign the contract.
就国际工程投标阶段承包合同管理的目标进行了探讨，其主要内容是如何争取中标和怎样商签承包合同。
This paper builds on and extends existing literature on execution cost and expected return in quote - driven stock markets where market makers play a leading role in determining bid - ask spreads.
证券交易的执行成本是信息不对称和市场供需不均衡时投资者买卖证券的风险补偿，是资产定价和市场微观结构的重要研究课题。
The paper introduces the quotation for general contracting of EPC project and its influence on project execution alter bid-awarding.
介绍EPC工程总承包项目报价，及其在项目中标之后对项目实施的影响；
The paper discusses the method and skill of bid to highway project.
论述了公路工程投标的方法与技巧。
To study the degree of effect of great policy or event on liquidity. This paper adopts bid-ask spread, market depth and market impact cost as the proxies for liquidity.
本文选取的流动性指标包括绝对买卖价差、相对买卖价差、报价深度、金额深度和市场冲击成本指标。
Combined with the writing of "tender" and "bid document" in construction application file in this paper the characteristic, writing and style of two practical writing styles are introduced.
结合建筑应用文中“投标书”与“招标书”的写作，介绍了两种实用文体的特点、制作和格式。
This paper probes into the cost-controlling method of the project from such chains from bid to practice.
本文从工程项目投标到项目实施，从不同的环节上论述了施工企业项目成本控制的途径和方法。
This paper explains the value and necessity of the lowest bid approach through analyzing its academic foundation and its advantages.
本文通过浅析浅析无标底招标的理论基础和优点，说明了无标底招标在我国应用意义和必要性。
The paper finally gives some suggestions on how to properly use this moedl to improve the tenderer's bid decision.
对如何正确运用“保守定价法”加强投标报价决策提出了一些建议。
This paper USES the game theory to study the reason why tenders choose the lowest price bidder's in the course of project bid invitation and bidding.
用博弈论分析了在招投标过程中招标人选择报价最低投标人的原因。
The risk existing in the progress of the bidding were studied in the last part of the paper, which can help the owner avoid losses in bid invitation.
对业主在施工招标过程中面临的风险做了分析，这对业主在招标过程中减少损失有一定的指导意义。
The paper analyzes the cause that developers bid lower than the cost, and expounds the countermeasure to solve it.
对开发方低于成本价竞标的成因进行分析，并提出相应的对策。
Compared with experience of construction supervision bid, the paper introduced some problem of highway engineering construction supervision bid for reference.
结合近几年省内外施工监理投标的经验和体会，阐述了公路工程施工监理招、投标中应注意的几个问题，仅供参考。
Abstract: This paper mainly analyses the task, foundation, contents, procedures, key points of construction organization design preparation as well as the strategies and skills of bid quotation.
[摘要]主要对建筑企业施工组织设计编制的任务、依据、内容、程序、重点以及投标报价的策略和技巧进行论述。
The last part of the paper studied some risk which are faced in process of the bid invitation.
在最后对业主在招标过程中的风险做了分析研究。
Based on the above analysis, the paper discusses the conditions where seller is likely to shill bid and the optimal shill bidding of sellers when only one bidder is left in the auction.
在此基础上，讨论了卖者可能递交“托”出价的条件以及拍卖中只剩下一个竞买人时卖者的最优“托”出价。
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