A change, or mutation, happens when the order of the letters changes.
当这些字母的排列顺序有所变化时，就会发生基因突变。
Still unclear is what genetic mutation or mutations lead to these malfunctions.
什么基因的突变或突变导致的这些机能障碍仍不清楚。
By detecting its structure in the tumour tissue, we find that the sum of its deletion or mutation rate reaches 35%.
通过检测肿瘤组织中该基因的结构，发现该基因在肿瘤组织中的缺失或突变率的总和达到35%。
Examples of so-called SNP diseases are sickle-cell anemia and Huntington's disease, where a single variant or mutation has a dramatic effect.
镰状细胞性贫血和亨庭顿综合症就是这样的疾病，单个变异起了很大的作用。
"We already know that the over-expression or mutation of molecules known as NIK and TRAF3 in B cells is associated with human multiple myeloma," said Professor Mackay.
“我们已经知道，在B细胞过度表达或突变的NIK和TRAF3分子是与人类多发性骨髓瘤相关，”麦凯教授说。
Because it has been realized that cancer is not only a disease of defects in gene expression or mutation but also a metabolic disease in that cells need nutrients to grow.
因为人们已经认识到，癌症不仅仅是因一种基因表达或变异缺陷而导致的疾病，同时也似一种代谢性疾病，因为肿瘤细胞的生长需要营养物质。
By understanding this change, we may be able to design pharmaceuticals or other forms of therapy that will assist individuals with this mutation in recovering from bacterial disease.
理解这种变化之后，我们可以设计药品或其他形式的治疗方法，来帮助发生这种突变的个人从细菌疾病中恢复。
Each additional human case increases opportunities for the virus to improve its transmissibility, through either adaptive mutation or reassortment.
每增加一例人间病例增强了该病毒通过适应性突变或重组提高其可传播性的机会。
The new individual will, in theory, be as fit as the parents, plus or minus a small variance caused by the mutation.
理论上说来，新的个体是和双亲一样适应的，由于变异或增或减会有些微小的变化。
But those changes are not passed on indefinitely, like a successful genetic mutation would be. Instead, they are wiped out over a generation or two.
但这些变化并不像成功的基因突变一样，能够永久地遗传下去，实际上它们往往在一两代的时间里就会消失。
Oncogenes are sometimes produced as a result of a mutation in one or more of these genes.
癌基因有时产生于这些基因中的一个或多个突变。
Apparently, a mutation in this gene-or, more probably, in the control system that activates it-gave rise to Volvox.
显然这个基因的突变，或更可能是激活这个基因的控制机制的突变产生了团藻。
Take the gene mutation that causes phenylketonuria, or PKU. People with the disease can't break down the amino acid phenylalanine, a problem that can lead to severe cognitive damage.
提取能导致苯丙酮尿症（PKU）的基因突变.患这种病的人不能分解氨基酸苯丙氨酸，这会导致严重的认知损坏。
The mutation did not alter intelligence or psychological well-being; the KE family was normal in those regards.
这种突变对智能和心理健康没有影响，KE家庭在这些方面完全正常。
The mutation results in a malfunctional protein, which cannot perform its normal task to regulate cell growth or actually induces uncontrolled cell growth.
突变产生异常蛋白，不能行使正常功能调节细胞生长，或引发不可控细胞生长。
People with this mutation are more or less immune to HIV infection.
带有这种突变的人对于艾滋病毒感染存在或多或少的免疫能力。
Mutation pressure when the valve or actuator until the hardware damage.
压突变时对阀门或执行器等到硬件的损伤。
Will you use for all EGFR mutation positive patients? Or only a certain proportion? What other subgroups would you use for?
对于所有的EGFR突变阳性的患者您是否都会使用？或只是一部分？那剩下的那部分您会使用什么治理方法？
A parthenogenetic population is, by definition, all female and the result, give or take the odd mutation, is that a rotifer's daughters are genetically identical to her.
按照定义，一个孤雌生殖的种群全部是雌性，无论赋予或去除稀有突变，结果都是：一只轮虫的后代的基因组与她完全一样。
Most of the chlorophyll deletion occurred in M1 were belonged to somatic mutation or caused by radiation injury so that they usually were not inheritable.
在M_1所产生的叶绿素缺失中，大多数属于体细胞突变，或是由于辐射损伤所致，一般是不能遗传的；
Although many proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are widely expressed, the mutation of these genes is associated with cancer of specific organs or cell types.
虽然许多原癌基因和肿瘤抑制基因被广泛表达，这些基因的突变与特定的器官或细胞类型的癌有关。
If I am greedy now, or angry, I have been envious, jealous, I have got a great many hurts, if there is no radical mutation now I will be exactly the same tomorrow.
如果我现在是贪婪的，或者愤怒的，我一直是嫉妒的，羡慕的，我受过很多伤害，如果现在没有彻底的突变，那么明天我还会是完全一样的。
To figure out how the genetic mutation impacts sleep, Fu and her colleagues genetically engineered mice to have either two copies of the mutant gene or just one copy.
为了去弄清楚基因是如何影响睡眠的，Fu和她的同事用基因工程的手段让老鼠携带2个拷贝的变异基因或者一个。
Often the result of a new germline or somatic mutation.
通常源于种系的新突变或体细胞突变。
But the only patients in the trial will be from the 5 percent or so of lung cancer patients with a mutation in a gene called A.L.K..
但这次试验的所有患者都来源于那“5%”(100种变异中相同的有5种)，即都带有alk基因突变的肺癌患者。
To identify the AKT1 mutation, the researchers analyzed 150 tumor samples from patients with either breast, colorectal or ovarian cancer (50 samples from each tumor type).
为了鉴定AKT1基因突变，研究人员共筛选了150份肿瘤样本，其中乳腺癌、直结肠癌和卵巢癌各50份。
All the patients diagnosed as suspicious for malignancy or malignant were advised to undergo an operation, and they turned out to have PTCs regardless of their BRAFV600E mutation status.
所有诊断为可疑恶性肿瘤或恶性肿瘤的患者均建议手术，结果证实为PTC，不论其BRAF V600E突变状态如何。
All the patients diagnosed as suspicious for malignancy or malignant were advised to undergo an operation, and they turned out to have PTCs regardless of their BRAFV600E mutation status.
所有诊断为可疑恶性肿瘤或恶性肿瘤的患者均建议手术，结果证实为PTC，不论其BRAF V600E突变状态如何。
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