General natural graphite was modified by liquid-phase oxidation method using cerium sulfate as an oxidant.
用硫酸铈作氧化剂，通过液相法将普通的天然石墨进行氧化改性。
In this paper, peptide segments liquid-phase synthesis technology are introduced and all of these are vivid in protein field recent year.
本文综述了多肽的液相分段合成方法，这些合成方法是近年来多肽和蛋白质合成领域中的一种发展趋势。
However, they are usually synthesized as nano-sized or micro-sized powders, and this makes it very difficult to retrieve them from the mother liquors or the liquid-phase reaction systems [2, 3].
然而，他们常常是纳米或微米粉末，这使他们很难从母液或作用体系的液相中分离出来[2]。
These materials turn from a solid into a liquid absorbing energy as they change phase.
这些材料在相变时从固体转变为吸收能量的液体。
Latent heat is absorbed or released whenever matter changes phase, as when matter changes from liquid to gas, for example, or from gas to liquid.
潜热在物质形态变化时被吸收或释放，例如当物质从液体变为气体或从气体变为液体时这一过程就会发生。
When heated, these materials turned from a solid into a liquid absorbing energy as they change phase.
当这些材料受热时，它们会从固态变成液态，并在相变时吸收能量。
Since the gas and liquid are in equilibrium, therefore we know the chemical potential in the liquid phase too.
由于气相和液相的化学势相等，因此我们也就知道了,液相中的化学势。
And turning the crank at equilibrium, being equal between the solid phase and the liquid phase.
在平衡态固相和液相的化学势相等，固相和气相一样。
So what this line is, then, this line is the line of points that tells me when I have coexistence between the gas phase and the liquid phase.
所以这条线只是一系列点的直线,这些点实际上是,气相和液相之间的共存点。
But now, it's not as a function of the composition at the liquid phase it's a function of the composition in the gas phase.
但是现在，这里不再是以液相的组分比，作为变量，而是以气相的组分比作为变量。
We started out with four variables; the temperature, the pressure, and the components in the composition in the liquid phase and the composition in the gas phase.
我们一开始有四个变量：，温度，压强，某个组分在液体中的比例，和它在气体中的比例。
So I'm going to start all in the liquid phase.
从所有的都是液体开始。
T fixed. This is the liquid phase. So suppose I start with some high pressure up here somewhere.
固定温度，这里是液相，从直线以上的某点出发。
We've found composition in the gas phase in terms of composition in the liquid phase.
我们已经用液相的组分，写出了气相的组分。
So I've gotten the composition in the gas phase in terms of the composition in the liquid phase.
我利用液体中的组分，表示出了气体中的组分。
'it's only in this liquid phase that the virus is capable of entering a cell to infect it.'
而就在这一液态阶段，病毒才得以入侵并感染细胞。
It has to be the same as what it started in in the liquid phase.
与开始时，它在液相里的一样。
The chemical potential of a molecule of A in the liquid phase here is the same as the chemical potential of A in the gas phase. So we have two constraints.
液态分子A的化学势,等于气态分子A的化学势,所以我们有两个约束条件。
Chemical potentials of a, in the gas phase has to be the same as the chemical potential of a in the liquid phase.
处于气态的A的化学势等于，处于液态的A的化学势。
So we have a liquid phase on the bottom.
液体在下部。
Which is the vapor pressure of the pure material times the, and the composition of the liquid phase, Raoult's law.
这个常数是纯物质的蒸汽压，乘以液相的组分，Raoult定律。
B And mu B in the liquid phase B has to be equal to mu B in the gas phase. S o four minus two constraints means you have two degrees of freedom.
液相的μ,必须等于气相的μ,所以四减去二意味着,你有两个自由度。
And I can invert this to get the composition in the liquid phase in terms of the composition in the gas phase it's not so straightforward, but you can get xA as a function of yA, as well.
然后即可以用气体中的组分，写出液体中的组分，虽然过程不简单，但是你可以得到xA作为yA的函数。
The Gibbs free energy per mole of a in the liquid phase.
液相中的化学势就是，液相中每摩尔a的吉布斯自由能。
So when we look out here, at the liquid phase.
那么我们看这儿，在液相。
There's a coexistence between the gas phase and the liquid phase. And what does it mean for a liquid to be coexistent with a in the gas phase?
这里存在一个气态和液态的共存关系，是什么意思，液态的A物质和气态的A物质共存？
So you start here in the liquid phase, with some composition.
我们从某个成分，比例的液相开始。
But I also changed the composition of my liquid phase.
同时也改变了液体的组成。
这边是液相。
And we squeeze, and now we've got more water in the liquid phase than in the gas phase.
我们继续压缩，现在液态的水，比气态的水更多。
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