This policy had already had the effect of making interest rates negative, in the very practical sense that UBS was charging institutional customers who held excess deposits in their accounts.
这种政策已经有效的造就了负利率的现状，因为现实中瑞士银行要应付那些在自己账户上拥有超额存款的机构顾客。
Comparing with the system negative effects, those so-called positive effects is lack of institutional guarantee and produce a discontented effect.
与其不利影响相比，那些所谓的积极作用不仅缺少制度保障，也难以产生令人满意的效果。
Capital pricing is both scientific and artistic, with the characteristics of relativity, timeliness, opaque and subjective, and is influenced by feedback effect and institutional defect.
资本定价是一门科学，也是一门艺术，具有相对性、时效性、模糊性和主观性等特征，并受到反馈效应和制度性缺陷的影响。
A more likely effect is that trading volumes will rise because hedge funds and other institutional investors will have a greater incentive to trade once they can hedge their risks.
更有可能造成的影响是交易量将会上升，因为一旦能够对冲风险，对冲基金和其它机构投资者将会有更大的交易动机。
Quantitative analysis and estimation is provided based on the statistical data of Shanghai city form 1990s to evaluate the effect on Shanghai economic growth by institutional transitions.
从90年代以来中国上海地区的各项经济数据出发，定量分析和估计了90年代后制度变迁对上海经济增长的作用。
In the long term, the "trickle-down effect" through the numerous traders and their behaviors will be conducive to the formation of the pattern of a competitive rural finance institutional arrangement.
从长期而言，通过众多交易主体及行为的“涓滴效应”将有利于竞争性的农村金融制度安排格局最终形成。
Second, the profit protection effect of institutional investor to minority shareholders is affected by the system conditions.
第二，机构投资者对中小投资者利益保护效应受到其所处制度环境的制约。
Any institution design depends on the law of institutional evolvement, and the effect of design lies on understanding the law.
任何人为的制度设计都脱离不了制度的自然演化规律，制度设计的成效取决对这种规律的把握。
Viewing from new institutional economics, the efficiency sources of agricultural integration are the saving of "transaction cost" and the expansion of the effect of "specialization".
从制度经济学的角度讲，农业产业化经营的效率源泉是“交易费用”的节约和“专业化”效应的扩散。
The results show that there is obvious disposition effect on institutional investors although the turnover ratio of mutual funds is lower than that of stocks.
结果表明：尽管基金的周转率远低于股票交易周转率，基金投资者仍然存在明显的处置效应；
The formal constraints and the informal constraints in induced institutional change are compatible. So this kind of institutional change has a fine economic effect.
诱致性制度变迁中的正式制度与非正式制度是相互兼容的，因而这种制度变迁具有很高的经济绩效。
The formal constraints and the informal constraints in induced institutional change are compatible. So this kind of institutional change has a fine economic effect.
诱致性制度变迁中的正式制度与非正式制度是相互兼容的，因而这种制度变迁具有很高的经济绩效。
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