This paper investigates the relationship between board monitoring and earnings management, based on a broad cross-sectional sample of 675 qualified listed companies in 2003.
本文利用2003年675家符合研究要求的上交所上市公司作为样本，研究了董事会监管与盈余管理之间的关系。
Cross-Sectional: The sample of elements is measured only once. This shows you a snapshot of variables at a point in time (e. g. , market survey).
横截面数据：成分数据只测量一次。这展示你的变量在一个时间点的快照（如：市场调查）。
Through needle valve can change the tee cross-sectional of low-flow adapter, thus changing the sample flow, and thus able to meet the requirements of toxicology sampling norms.
通过在一定的范围内人为改变低流量适配器三通旁支管的断面面积来改变采样流量，从而满足对酯类、腈类等气体采样规范的要求。
There are several limitations in this study as it is designed as a cross-sectional study with small sample size in stratified analysis.
1本研究因其采用横断面设计且亚组样本量小而具有局限性。
Methods an investigation in Beijing urban districts was conducted in a cross-sectional survey. A total of 15 000 permanent residents aged 15-69 years as a sample was randomly interviewed.
方法采用现况研究方法，对北京城区15 0 0 0名15 ~ 6 9岁的常住居民进行入户调查，了解其慢性病患病情况及行为危险因素等。
Methods an investigation in Beijing urban districts was conducted in a cross-sectional survey. A total of 15 000 permanent residents aged 15-69 years as a sample was randomly interviewed.
方法采用现况研究方法，对北京城区15 0 0 0名15 ~ 6 9岁的常住居民进行入户调查，了解其慢性病患病情况及行为危险因素等。
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