Results Actual use of the method for estimating sample size and the relationship between effect factors and sample size were illustrated by a example of case control family study of liver cancer.
结果用实例说明了病例对照家系设计中样本含量估计方法的应用与影响因素和样本含量的关系。
Although its visual effect is so pronounced, dust is only a minor constituent of the material, extremely low in density, that lies between the stars.
尽管它的视觉效果如此显著，但尘埃只是位于恒星之间的物质的一个次要组成部分，其密度极低。
Strong emotional bonds between mothers and infants increase children's willingness to explore the world—an effect that has been observed across the animal kingdom, in people, monkeys and even spiders.
母亲和婴儿之间强烈的情感纽带增强了孩子探索世界的意愿——这一效应在动物领域、人类、猴子甚至蜘蛛身上都有被观察到。
Areas near traffic lights can be similarly warmer than the areas between them because of the effect of cars standing in traffic instead of moving.
交通灯附近的区域也同样比它们中间的区域温度更高，这是由于车辆停在车流中所造成的影响，而不是移动造成的。
There is a great connection between the teacher-student relationship and the teaching effect.
师生关系与教学效果有很大关系。
Though little evidence of any direct effect was found, the frequent negative correlations between IT and performance suggested that IT had probably weakened some firms' competitive positions.
虽然没有发现任何直接影响的证据，但IT与业绩之间频繁的负相关关系表明，IT可能削弱了一些公司的竞争地位。
As yet a challenge to explain the cause-and-effect relationship between sleep and nutrition, there may be a third factor that impacts both of them.
要解释睡眠和营养之间的因果关系，还有一个挑战，那就是可能有第三个因素对它们两者都有影响。
It's as yet a challenge to explain the cause-and-effect relationship between sleep and nutrition. There may be a third factor that impacts both of them.
迄今为止，解释睡眠和营养间的因果关系仍是一个挑战。可能存在第三个因素影响这两者。
Many scientists once believed that physical similarities between identical twins are genetic, while their personalities, intelligence and other differences between them are an effect of their environment.
许多科学家曾经认为，同卵双胞胎在外貌上的相似是由基因决定的，而他们之间的性格、智力和其他差异则是受到环境的影响。
However, the only handset deal that seems to have a significant effect on consumers is the one between AT&T and Apple.
然而，唯一一个对用户有巨大影响的手机协议就是那个AT&T公司和苹果公司之间的协议。
Between 400 and 600 grams, it has no further effect, but when it exceeds 600 grams, it ACTS as a shield against the sun, and slows down melting.
每平方米在400克至600克之间时，不再有进一步的影响；但是当每平方米超过600克时，覆层就起到遮挡阳光的作用，从而减缓融化的速度。
You should see a single-screen interface in which each step of the process is carried out inside its own tab and a window-shade visual effect marks the transitions between steps.
应该能够看到单一屏幕的界面，其中结帐过程的每个步骤都在各自的选项卡内进行，而百叶窗式的视觉效果则标记了步骤间的转换。
Instead, they use relations among tables to create a one-to-many structure between objects, which has the same effect as an array.
相反，它们使用表之间的关系来创建对象之间的一到多结构，这与数组具有相同的效果。
Yet the differences between the two approaches to Europe are now having an effect.
但如今这两条路线之间的差别正在产生一个影响。
This effect becomes evident when the internal counter is bigger than the space between characters.
当字谷大于两个字母之间的距离时这种效应就会很明显。
All this had the effect of reducing the degree of competition between newspapers.
这一切，有效地减轻了报纸之间的竞争程度。
Legalisation has not made euthanasia more common, Dutch experts insist: the main effect is to improve communication between doctors, patients and families.
荷兰的专家坚持合法化没有提高安乐死率：主要结果是改善医生、病人、与家庭之间的交流。
According to experts, the 'skin-to-skin' bonding between mother and baby has a tremendous effect on the baby.
根据专家们的说法，这种母子间皮肤和皮肤的亲密结束对婴儿来说有巨大的功效。
The aggregate effect of doing this between every grip will significantly reduce your accumulated pump.
每次抓握的间歇所积累起来的这种效果就能很好的减少累积的充血现象。
The effect was strongest between the first and second-born, but siblings in bigger families also benefited.
这一影响在第一胎和第二胎孩子身上最为强烈，不过大家庭中有兄弟姐妹的孩子也会因此而收益。
The resulting paper describes a damaging synergistic effect between drought and expected climate changes.
科学家据此写出的论文描述了干旱和预期的气候变化之间破坏性的协同效应。
The length of cable between points can also have an effect on the latency.
点之间的线缆长度也会影响延时。
Overall, this “formula effect” contributes half a percentage point to the gap between the two.
总之，这个“公式效应”导致了二者之间产生0.5%的差距。
But numerical skills break down for the fish when the ratios between two Numbers change-an effect that was also seen among human volunteers.
但是当这些鱼识别2倍的数量比例时算术能力瓦解了—对于人类志愿者也有同样的效果。
"This is a side-effect of the relationship between executives and analysts that can perhaps compromise the objectivity of their recommendations," says Mr Westphal.
韦斯特·法尔表示：“这是首席执行官和分析师之间关系的副作用，这种关系可能会削弱分析师建议的客观性。”
Some are already inserting themselves between incumbent Banks and their customers, in effect hijacking the relationship and reducing the value of the Banks' consumer franchises.
某些机构已经在挤入现有的银行与它们的客户之间，这些机构实际上是在夺取关系主导权，并削减银行的消费者特权之价值。
It's also possible that diet is not the cause; the research showed only an association between food choices and health factors, not cause-and-effect.
也有可能饮食不是原因；这项研究只是显示食物选择和健康因素之间的关联，而不是因果关系。
There is debate about the possible effect on American jobs because production would be split between Europe and the United States.
关于美国就业可能因此受影响的问题存在争议，因为（加油机）的生产是在欧洲和美国两地分开进行的。
Previous research had detected similar inverse correlations between allergies and brain tumours, suggesting that a welcome side effect of allergy was resistance to cancer.
先前的研究已经证实了过敏症和脑癌是相对立的关系。并且过敏症对于癌症的抑制有促进作用。
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