每七年，健康的人体的骨骼细胞会更新一遍。
Every seven years, a healthy human body completely replaces every single bone cell.
静水压力对骨骼细胞组织、纤毛活性的影响：钙元素的假说。
Hydrostatic Pressure Effects on Cytoskeletal Organization and Ciliary Motility: a Calcium Hypothesis.
一旦这一过程完成了，骨骼生成开始而且新骨骼细胞沉积下来替代原来的。
Once this has been done, bone formation begins and new bone tissue is laid down to replace the old.
骨骼细胞，特别是成骨细胞，对力学性的应力极其敏感，质量是与力学自适应性过程相联系的。
Bone cells, in particular osteocytes, are extremely sensitive to mechanical stress, a quality that is probably linked to the process of mechanical adaptation.
作用在骨骼细胞上的应力包括压-拉应力和剪切应力，剪切应力是骨骼细胞能感受到的主要应力作用。
Forces acting on the bone cells include compressive tensile stress and shear stress. The shear stress is the main force which can be sensed by the bone cells.
长久以来，人类骨骼被认为是依照其骨质经受的压力来不断构建和消灭细胞。
It has long been known that the human skeleton constantly constructs and destroys cells, according to the stresses that its bones experience.
其病因是骨髓中异常的血浆细胞大量增殖和积累，进而破坏骨骼和身体其他组织，最后摧毁整个免疫系统。
It develops when abnormal plasma cells in bone marrow multiply and accumulate, eventually damaging bones and other tissues in the body, and finally overwhelming the immune system.
从人体的表皮细胞，营养物质进入血管，骨骼和器官然后再循环，以此在治疗，增进和加强身体的健康方面起到它的重要作用。
From the skin cells, the nutrient enters the bloodstream and circulates to bones and organs, doing its important work of healing, building and fortifying.
一旦受伤，超过十亿数量的细胞就会冒出来，修复受损的血管，生成新的皮肤、肌肉乃至骨骼。
And if you hurt yourself, billions more cells spring up to repair broken blood vessels and make new skin, muscle or even bone.
这样“组织者”细胞群就可以对最终形成趾的骨骼的数量和形状进行控制。
This allows the organizer to control the number and shape of the bones that ultimately make up a digit.
以前通过将干细胞置于特定性状的培养腔内，以培育出再造骨骼的尝试并不太成功，细胞往往会死亡，或者仅培育出很脆弱的骨骼。
Attempts to grow replacement bone by placing stem cells in a culture chamber of the desired shape have not been very successful, with the cells often dying or producing only weak bone.
当骨骼迫于帮助增加体重，液体就如醉汉般来回晃动，从而导致高压区造骨细胞的增加。
When bones have to help lift a weight, the fluid gets sloshed about, leading to the proliferation of osteoblasts in the areas under the most stress.
为了更好的了解胰岛素对于骨骼的影响，两个研究小组对实验小鼠进行了改造，使得它们的成骨细胞中不再有胰岛素受体。
To better comprehend insulin's effects on bone, both research teams engineered mice so that their osteoblasts no longer displayed insulin receptors.
Cytori公司可能无法展示这些干细胞的全部分化潜能，但它们的确可以分化成脂肪、骨骼和肌肉等等组织，这取决于它们所接触的信号分子。
Cytori's are unlikely to ever show that range of differentiation. But they can differentiate into fat, bone, and muscle-among other tissues-depending on which signaling molecules they are exposed to.
不同的基因是如何以适当的组合方式来开始(表达)或停止(沉默)自己的工作，从而制造心脏、骨骼以及脑部细胞呢？
How do different genes get turned on (" expressed ") or off (" silenced ") in just the right combinations to produce heart cells, bone cells and brain cells?
有些细胞源自骨骼，称为造骨细胞，在需要时可以构造骨骼。
Some cells produced in bone, called osteoblasts, build bone where it is needed.
然后在凝胶上培育人体间质干细胞——骨骼、肌肉和其他组织类型的前体。
Then they grew human mesenchymal stem cells - the precursors of bone, muscle and many other tissue types - on the gels.
所有血细胞都在骨髓中生产。对孩子们来说，我们的大多数骨骼都产生了血细胞。
All blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. As children, most of our bones produce blood.
学习这些人类骨骼中的特殊细胞的重要目的是为了 学习如何预防骨头疾病。
According to the student, which is one important purpose of studying specialized cells in human bones?
妈妈和女儿拥有相同的骨骼和细胞结构。
Mothers and daughters have the same skeletal and cellular make up.
尽管细胞的数量非常惊人，但更了不起的是，这些细胞基本都知道如何各司其职——是变成皮肤还是骨骼，等等。
Even more amazing than the staggering number of cells, though, is the fact that, by and large, they all know what to do - whether to become skin or bone and so on.
来自宾夕法尼亚大学的克里斯托弗·陈(音译)培育了间质干细胞薄片，并将其置于有助于骨骼和骨髓发育的混合生长因子中。
Christopher Chen of the University of Pennsylvania grew flat sheets of mesenchymal stem cells and exposed them to a mixture of growth factors for bone and marrow development.
利用血液去培育干细胞获得成功以后，朱敏设法诱导它们分化成三种细胞系：先是骨骼和软骨细胞，然后是肌细胞，再是神经元。
Using blood to nourish and grow the stem cells, Zhu managed to induce them to differentiate into three lineages: first bone and cartilage, then muscle, and then neuron.
造骨细胞是骨骼构造的“领班”，而且它们似乎受骨骼中毛细管道里液体流动的影响。
The osteoblasts are the foremen of bone construction, and they appear to respond to the flow of fluid in the tiny channels within bone.
活跃生产血细胞的骨骼叫做红骨髓，不再产生血细胞的骨骼叫做黄骨髓。
Bone marrow that actively produces blood cells is called red marrow, and bone marrow that no longer produces blood cells is called yellow marrow.
从一只13，000年前的鸸鹋蛋蛋壳和一只恐鸟蛋中也成功提取出了细胞核DNA，这件工作依靠骨骼化石样本是很难完成的。
Nuclear DNA was also successfully extracted from a 13,000-year-old emu eggshell and a giant moa eggshell – something has proved difficult with fossil bone samples.
而惰性骨钙蛋白的积累反过来会推动破骨细胞发生作用，使他们逐渐的消解骨骼。
Accumulation of inactive osteocalcin instead nudges osteoclasts into action, causing them to gobble up bone.
而惰性骨钙蛋白的积累反过来会推动破骨细胞发生作用，使他们逐渐的消解骨骼。
Accumulation of inactive osteocalcin instead nudges osteoclasts into action, causing them to gobble up bone.
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