文章通过研究在发现套利机会后，以追踪误差最小化为目标建立指数复制的问题及其数学模型。
The paper concerns on the index replication problem after arbitrage opportunity are owned, and then a mathematical model is established to aim at minimizing tracking error.
推导封闭腔内辐射传递系数的相对和绝对误差公式，为求解辐射传递系数所需追踪射线数量提供参考依据。
The relative and absolute error equations of closures are deduced, which can be the reference of tracing ray quantities for solving the radiation transfer coefficient.
数值计算表明这种误差指示成功的追踪了普通边界元分析的真实误差。
Numerical test shows that the proposed error indicator successfully tracks the real error.
本文讨论了射线追踪加速技术，复射线参数的选取，并分析了复射线计算中产生误差的主要原因。
Ray tracing accelerate technique, the parameters of complex ray has been discussed in this article, and some empirical formulas for choosing the complex ray parameters have been given out.
在自由飞行段，分析了追踪航天器估计状态误差的先验值和测轨误差对状态误差传播的影响。
In the free flight segment, effects on the state error propagation caused by prior state estimation errors and orbit determination errors of the chasing spacecraft were studied.
在中途速度修正段，分析了追踪航天器姿态误差和控制系统性能误差对状态误差传播的影响。
And in the midcourse velocity correction segment, effects on the state error propagation caused by attitude errors and control system performance of the chasing satellite were studied.
根据人-机系统的数学模型，分析了炮手追踪时产生误差的主要原因是系统滞后。
According to the mathematical model of man-machine system, the paper concludes that the main reason of tracing error of operators if system lag.
采用全新的光路追踪方案与探针扫描方式，消除了测试过程中横向扫描和纵向反馈带来的误差，开放式的探头设计使液相操作更为便捷。
An innovative laser beam tracking system is proposed to eliminate the tracking and feedback errors. The open probe design of the AFM makes the operation in liquid convenient and easy.
采用全新的光路追踪方案与探针扫描方式，消除了测试过程中横向扫描和纵向反馈带来的误差，开放式的探头设计使液相操作更为便捷。
An innovative laser beam tracking system is proposed to eliminate the tracking and feedback errors. The open probe design of the AFM makes the operation in liquid convenient and easy.
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