既然我们已经有了框架，那我们就根据剩下的规则，继续画路易斯结构。
Let's go ahead and draw our Lewis structure based on the rest of the rules now that we have a skeleton.
好，首先，我们看看它的路易斯结构。
那么，让我们很快地画出臭氧的路易斯结构。
那么，今天我们接着讲，继续讨论路易斯结构。
So, today we're moving on, we're talking about Lewis structures.
画任何路易斯结构第一步,都是先画出它的骨架。
the first step in any Lewis structure is drawing the skeletal structure.
我们记得路易斯结构是一个，早于量子力学的概念。
We remember that Lewis structures are an idea that are pre-quantum mechanics.
那么，了做到这一点，我将开始介绍,路易斯结构。
So, to do this, what I'm going to do is introduce the topic of Lewis structures.
好，那么，让我们来把我们的，路易斯结构画在这，硫在中间。
All right. So, let's go ahead and draw our Lewis structure here with sulfur in the middle.
好，让我们在讲形式电荷之前，再给一个例子画一下路易斯结构。
All right. So let's try one more example of drawing Lewis structures before we talk about formal charge.
这是检验你的路易斯结构，是否正确 的一个好方法。
This is a good way to actually check if your Lewis structure is correct or not.
那么，让我们继续画我们的路易斯结构，看看在得到骨架之后还有哪些规则。
So, let's go ahead and draw our Lewis structure based on the rest of the rules now that we have a skeleton.
直到1912或，他都没有出版任，何与路易斯结构式有关的东西。
And, he didn't publish anything related to the Lewis structure until about 1912 or 1913.
好的，这就是我们画路易斯结构，所需要完成的步骤，不管什么样的路易斯结构都要这样做。
All right, so this is the same procedure that we're going to go through, regardless of what kind of Lewis structure we're going to draw.
但我想让大家告诉我，从形式电荷的角度考虑，你会预测哪一个路易斯结构是最稳定的？
But I want you to tell me in terms of thinking about formal charge, which Lewis structure would you predict to be the most stable?
因此，下周一上课，我们会先以最简单的例子--甲烷开始，使用这些路易斯结构的规则。
So, what will start with on Monday is doing the most simple example of methane using these Lewis structure rules.
那么现在我们已经做了足够多的画路易斯结构的练习，让我们来讨论一下如何得出形式电荷。
So now that we have enough practice drawing Lewis structures let's talk about actually figuring out this formal charge.
那么，我们的第二步，按照路易斯结构的规则，应该是判断在整个分子中，包含多少个价电子。
So, our second step, as we go through our Lewis structure rules, is to figure out how many valence electrons we have in our entire molecule.
路易斯结构规则的第三步是，找出让分子中每个原子的价壳层，都排满应该需要多少个价电子。
Step three in our Lewis structure rules is to figure out how many electrons we would need in order for every single atom in our molecule to have a full valence shell.
我们还可能遇到另外一种情况，那就是在我们需要进行，选择的两种路易斯结构中，形式电荷具有相似的绝对值。
So, we can also get into a case where we have similar values in terms of absolute values of formal charge between two different molecules we're deciding between in their Lewis structures.
那么，这些就是在我们需要在,不同的路易斯结构之间做选择的时候,我们如何用形式电荷来进行判断的各种方法。
So, these are the different ways that we can actually go ahead and use formal charge when we're choosing between different types of Lewis structures.
好，那么我们来想一想应该怎么画，噢，实际上，我想让大家来告诉我，我们应该怎么开始画这个路易斯结构。
All right. So let's think about how to draw the oh, actually, let me let you tell me how we should start this Lewis structure.
而为了检验任何一个结构是否有效，看它们是不是好的路易斯结构，我们要做的最后一件事就是检查形式电荷。
And the last thing we do for any of our structures to check them and figure out are these valid or not valid, are these good Lewis structures is to check the formal charge.
因此我们会专门讲一讲，如何来画路易斯结构，然后再讨论形式电荷与共振论，它们也属于路易斯结构的范畴。
So we'll talk specifically about drawing Lewis structures and then about formal charge and resonance, which are within Lewis structures.
那么如果我们按照流程，经过所有的步骤来画路易斯结构，我们会得到这样的路易斯结构，然后我们可以算出所有的形式电荷。
So if we went through and drew out our Lewis structure following each of our steps, what we would get is this as our Lewis structure here, and we could figure out all of the formal charges.
我想说的是这意味着尽管他们早就学完了所有的化学，他们现在都已经是研究生甚至是教授了，但他们依然在不断地写路易斯结构。
And I mean this means way past all the chemistry they've taken, they're now graduate students or they're now professors, and they're still writing out Lewis structures.
那么关于剩下的价电子，我们有十二个，因此我们可以完成这两个路易斯结构了，那么这是我们的第一个结构，而那是我们的第二个结构。
So in terms of remaining valence electrons we have 12, so we can finish off each of our Lewis structures, so that's our first structure there, and our second structure there.
那么，如果我们用这两个小窍门来，尝试写出它的结构，骨架结构，我们将会得到这样的结构，如果我们把完整的路易斯结构画出来的话。
So, if we use those two tips to try to figure out a structure, a skeletal structure, we would get this structure here if we write out the full Lewis structure.
这看起来整洁了不少,如果我们把氰化氢的路易斯结构画成这样的话，这样我们就有氢与碳之间的单键和碳与氮之间三键，然后还有一对孤对电子在氮这里。
So it looks a lot less messy if we just draw our Lewis structure like this for h c n, where we have h bonded to c triple bonded to n, and then a lone pair on the nitrogen there.
而当你遇到这些路易斯点结构时，我们会将电子用点来表示，我们马上就会看到，每个点都代表了一个价电子。
And the idea is that when you do these Lewis dot structures, we're representing electrons with dots, which we'll see in a minute, and each dot is going to represent a valence electron.
其配体是唾液酸化的路易斯寡糖或类似结构的分子，在中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞和正常骨髓前体细胞上大量表达。
Its ligand is sialyl Louis oligosaccharides or similar molecular structure, and expresses in neutrophils, eosinophils and normal bone marrow precursor cells.
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