1958年，A .W .菲利普斯教授提出货币工资率和失业率之间的关系曲线，这是菲利普斯曲线的原始形态。
In 1958, Professor A. W. Phillips proposed the relational curve between currency wage rate and unemployment rate, which is the Phillips curve primitive shape.
文章认为，凯恩斯在货币工资富有刚性的假设下，通过提高价格水平、降低实际工资，解决非自愿失业问题的理论，只能在短期有效。
The Keynesian theory deals with the involuntary unemployment under the hypothesis of wages rigidity, suggesting that raising price and reducing the real wages can only be valid in a short-term.
然而，一些政府的决策者坚持认为，在不采取紧缩的货币和财政政策的情况下，直接控制工资和价格能够成功地降低通胀。
Nevertheless, some governments' policymakers insist that direct controls on wages and prices, without tight monetary and fiscal policies, can succeed in decreasing inflation.
当资本流入停滞的时候，经济崩溃可能是非常痛苦的——如果固定汇率(或货币联盟)要求名义工资和价格在一定时期内下降，情况就更加糟糕。
The economic collapse, when inflows of capital halt, can be very painful - even more so if a fixed exchange rate (or currency union) demands a period of falling nominal wages and prices.
（务工人员工资和劳动工具的购买同样来自印刷的货币）
The money to pay for the cement and the workers comes from printing money.
危险在于宽松的货币环境和过热的经济意味着物价和工资会你追我赶，螺旋上涨。
The danger comes when loose monetary conditions and an overheating economy mean prices and wages chase each other upward.
货币扮演着出口制动器的角色，这使得其不受欢迎，但还能有助于牵制工资压力、抑制通货膨胀。
Dearer currencies act as a brake on exports. That makes them unpopular, but also helps to contain wage pressures, dampening inflation.
主张贬值的人辩称，除非货币变疲软，否则拉脱维亚需要的工资调整规模太庞大，也许会需要数年时间来走出衰退。
Advocates of devaluation argue that the scale of wage adjustment that Latvia needs is so huge that it will imply years of grinding recession unless the currency is weakened.
例如，基于名义上，很明显，货币在升值，利息在提高并且工资在增长，但是这些不只是名义变化的事情。
On a nominal basis, for example, it is clear that the currency is appreciating, interest rates are rising, and wages are soaring, but it is not the nominal change that matters.
根据“欧元条约”，各国可以进行经济和财政政策的尝试以更好的应对货币联盟中的困难，例如增加工资的灵活性。
Under a "pact for the euro" there will be economic and fiscal workouts that will allow countries to cope better with the rigours of monetary union-including, for example, greater wage flexibility.
抛弃欧元将允许意大利，西班牙和其它国家货币贬值，使这些国家的工资成本与工人的生产力持平。
Leaving the euro would allow Italy, Spain and the rest to devalue and bring their wage costs into line with workers' productivity.
因为目前已然身处劳动力工资上涨和货币升值重压之下的中国出口企业将命悬一线。
Its exporters, already under pressure thanks to rising wages and some currency appreciation, would scream bloody murder.
工资增长至少必须与生产率增长同步，利率必须大幅提升，货币必须升值。
Wage growth must at least keep pace with productivity growth; interest rates must rise substantially; and the currency must be revalued.
很多人从塞尔维亚领取工资，或是用塞尔维亚货币第纳尔做生意，他们很有可能获得来自北方的帮助。
Many draw their wages from Serbia proper, do business in the Serbian dinar, and where possible get their services from the north.
在确定了有不低于五种不同类型的通货膨胀之后，我同意他的说法。这些类型有：商品通货膨胀，工资通货膨胀，货币通货膨胀，财政通货膨胀还有外汇通货膨胀。
I would agree with that, having identified no less than five different types of inflation: commodity inflation, wage inflation, monetary inflation, fiscal inflation, and foreign exchange inflation.
然而，欧洲高昂的人工工资和强劲的货币意味着空客的生产将不得不迁往那些货币与美元挂钩的国家。
Yet the combination of Europe's high wages and strong currency means that some of Airbus's production will have to move into countries where the currency is linked to the dollar.
西班牙走出目前困境的最大希望在于出口；身为欧元区成员西班牙无法再采取货币贬值的策略，只能降低实际工资。
Spain's best hope of growing its way out of its mess is through exports; given that membership of the euro means it can no longer devalue, that requires falls in the real value of wages.
在一个公民年平均工资高达83000美元，被世界货币基金组织评为世界人均收入最高的国家里，他每小时只能得到0.6元报酬。
And in a country where the average wage for citizens is $83, 000 per year, the world's highest, according to the International Monetary Fund, he is paid about 60 cents an hour.
西班牙作为欧元区的成员不能再将货币贬值，因此真正要降低的是工资价值。
Given that membership of the euro means it can no longer devalue, that requires falls in the real value of wages.
货币贬值将会使他们不需要降低失业者重回工作岗位的工资(尽管它将不会解决无力经济竞争后的经济衰弱问题)。
A devaluation would spare them the grinding wage deflation needed to price the unemployed back into work (though it would not address the economic weaknesses that lie behind poor competitiveness).
工资增长幅度加大是一个原由；其他的因素包括17年以来最快的货币供给增长率（本周报道）。
The prospect of higher wage increases is one justification; others include the fastest money-supply growth for 17 years, reported this week.
工资增长幅度加大是一个原由；其他的因素包括17年以来最快的货币供给增长率（本周报道）。
The prospect of higher wage increases is one justification; others include the fastest money-supply growth for 17 years, reported this week.
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