21世纪学习借鉴了整体论的概念，也就是亚里士多德的理论——只有整体的观察系统，才能理解它，而不能只研究它们的组成部分。
21st century learning draws upon the concept of holism, the Aristotelian idea that systems can only be understood by looking at them as a whole, and not simply by investigating their parts.
传统的隐喻研究可以追溯到亚里士多德时代，其间经历了三个阶段：对比论，替代论和互动论。
Traditional metaphor study which can be traced back to Aristotle has experienced three phases: the comparison view, the substitution view and the interaction view.
大约400年前意大利一位名叫伽利略的科学家开始对亚里士多德的落体论提出质疑。
Almost 400 years ago an Italian scientist named Galileo began to question Aristotle's theory of falling objects.
这两个事例都带出了亚里士多德目的论的思考方式的一个更深入的特点。
Both cases bring out a further feature of Aristotle's teleological way of thinking about justice.
“据观察，几乎所有动物都睡觉，无论它们生活在水中、空中还是陆地，”亚里士多德在他的作品《论睡眠与失眠》中写道。
"Almost all other animals are clearly observed to partake in sleep, whether they are aquatic, aerial, or terrestrial, " wrote Aristotle in his workOn Sleep and Sleeplessness.
所以，让我们开始检验一下亚里士多德的目的论，尤其着重思考他这种目的论式的公正，是否与自由冲突。
So, let's begin to examine whether Aristotle is right, and in particular, whether his teleological way of thinking about justice is at odds with freedom.
亚里士多德的悲剧情节论是古希腊悲剧艺术的美学概括。
Aristotle's theories of tragic plot is the generalization of the ancient Greek tragic art.
亚里士多德的宇宙论以及相关的运动法则极富吸引力。
This cosmology of Aristotle's, together with the associated laws of motion, was enormously appealing.
亚里士多德，哥白尼敢于怀疑的怀疑论“地心说”只创建了一个新的“日心说。”
Aristotle, Copernicus dared to doubt the theory of suspicion"geocentric"only created anew"heliocentric.
亚里士多德关于谬误的理论主要载于《工具论》的《辩谬篇》和《前分析篇》中，另外在《修辞学》一书中也有阐述。
This paper investigates Aristotle's theory of fallacy systematically and analyses the logical argumentation of his fallacy.
相对论的一个显著成果在于它改变了我们的时空观，结束了亚里士多德和牛顿所持的绝对时间的观念。
A remarkable consequence of relativity is the way it has revolutionized our ideas of time and space; it has put an end to Aristotle's and Newton's idea of absolute time.
分析了亚里士多德三段论，论述了亚里士多德三段论与传统逻辑三段论的区别及其自身的一些特点。
This paper analyzes Aristotelian Syllogism, discusses the deference between Aristotelian Syllogism and traditional logic syllogism and several characteristics of Aristotelian Syllogism.
最后分析了该形式系统和亚里士多德纯必然三段论系统的关系。
The relationship between the system and Aristotle's purely apodeictic syllogistic system is analysized in the last part of this thesis.
中世纪阿拉伯亚里士多德学派的本体论和认识论包含有不同程度的唯物主义、泛神论因素。
The ontology and epistemology of the medieval Arabian Aristotle's school included different degrees of materialism, pantheism.
有必要说明一下，早在公元前300年的亚里士多德时期，那时的球面三角学和天文观测结果就批驳了珊顿的地平论观点。
Shenton's critics, it should be pointed out, can fall back on spherical trigonometry and astronomical observations that date right back to Aristotle in 330bc.
亚里士多德的“卡塔西斯”论是西方文艺理论和西方关学的标点性内容，影响到西方戏剧乃至其他文体。
Affecting the western drama and other styles, Aristotle's Katharsis theory is a remarkable content of western literary theory and western aesthetics.
亚里士多德对于生命的界说也已包含有内在目的的观念，他因此远远超出了近代人所持的只是有限的外在的目的性那种的目的论了。
Aristotle's definition of life virtually implies inner design, and is thus far in advance of the notion of design in modern Teleology, which had in view finite and outward design only.
麦金泰尔在《追寻美德》的后几章中为其美德理论构建了一个“社会目的论”，希望以此来替代他所拒斥的亚里士多德的目的论。
In his late chapters in 'After virtue', MacIntyre constructs a 'socially teleological account' for his virtue theory in the hope of this new teleology could replace Aristotle's teleology.
麦金泰尔在《追寻美德》的后几章中为其美德理论构建了一个“社会目的论”，希望以此来替代他所拒斥的亚里士多德的目的论。
In his late chapters in 'After virtue', MacIntyre constructs a 'socially teleological account' for his virtue theory in the hope of this new teleology could replace Aristotle's teleology.
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