降水量观测误差包括随机误差和系统误差。
Station error in precipitation observation consists both random error and systematic error.
研究表明，当观测误差为正态分布时，参数识别结果也为正态分布。
The study results show that the identified values appear in normal distribution when the observed errors subject to the normal distribution.
本文给出降水量观测误差的估算方法，并指出其对水资源评价结果的影响。
An estimation method of station error in precipitation observation is given and its effect on the water resources appraisal is pointed out.
采用随机干扰方法，在地震观测误差容许值范围内，对地震观测资料进行人为随机干扰。
An artificial random disturbance is carried out for some seismological observation data in the allowance range of seismological observational error with random disturbance method.
提出一种非线性降维状态观测器设计方案，并从理论上证明了状态观测误差的指数收敛性。
A new design method of nonlinear reduced order state observer is proposed, and the exponential convergence is proved for the proposed state observer.
这些方法大都能有效地压制由于观测误差或高频干扰所引起的振荡，使下延结果趋于稳定。
These methods can effectively restrict the oscillations due to the measuring errors or the high frequency disturbances. The trend of downward continuation is stable.
试验分析结果表明：感热通量对观测要素的观测误差比较敏感，因而其计算结果的误差较大；
The results show: sensible heat flux are sensitive to observation error, so the error of model calculation is great;
利用TPXO6海潮模型计算了海潮对卫星重力恢复的影响，与GRACE观测误差实施了对比。
Using the ocean tide model of TPXO6, the effect of ocean tide on gravity determination is investigated and compared with the error of recovered gravity by GRACE.
从理论精度分析入手，根据算例反映图形对精度的影响规律，探讨了观测误差最小时的图形位置。
On the basis of theoretical monitoring accuracy analysis and the influence rule which the example reflects on monitoring accuracy, this paper proposed the pattern of minimum surveying error.
相反，潜热通量和动量通量对观测要素的观测误差相对不太敏感，因此，它们的计算结果比较可靠。
In contrast, latent heat flux and momentum flux is not so sensitive to observation error as sensible heat, and their calculated results is reliable.
科学家们谨慎地监测那些观测，以排除观测误差和其它影响，诸如城市的热岛效应和由于地表变化导致的局部升温。
Scientists have carefully checked these observations to exclude observational errors and other influences - such as the urban heat island effect and localised warming due to land surface changes.
此时的糙率与传统的概念有明显的不同，它包含了模型误差，截断误差，观测误差等各方面的综合影响。
It is different from traditional concept that the concept dynamic roughness includes influence of model error, truncation error, observation error and so on.
运用统计最优反演方法对50组模拟的微波辐射资料进行了反演，并讨论了观测误差对反演精度的影响。
Using the statistically optimal inversion method 50 sets of simulation microwave radiation data are retrieved. The influence of observational error on the inversion accuracy is discussed.
研究了一类非线性系统的观测器设计方法，其中假定观测误差系统中的非线性部分满足一般的扇区条件。
Nonlinear observers are designed for a class of systems where the nonlinearity of the observer error systems satisfies the general sector condition.
物探测量是获得高精度地震资料的保证，而观测者、测量仪器及外界条件的影响是观测误差产生的主要原因。
The geophysical measurement ensures high accuracy seismic data, but the errors of observation mainly come from observer, measuring instrument and influences of external conditions.
数值计算结果表明，在考虑到温度观测误差的条件下，所建立的参数反演方法能够有效地识别出混凝土的热力学参数。
The numerical computation shows that the proposed method is able to identify efficiently the concrete thermal parameters while the measurement errors of temperatures are considered.
磁链自适应观测器中的非线性修正项除考虑转速跟踪误差的影响外，还考虑了转子电阻估计误差和磁链观测误差的影响。
In rotor flux adaptive observers, the influence of flux amplitude tracking error estimate and rotor resistance estimate error in addition to speed tracking error is considered.
对于一类可以反馈线性化的非线性系统，提出了一种非线性降维状态观测器设计方案，并证明了状态观测误差的渐近收敛性。
A design method of nonlinear reduced order state observer is presented for feedback linearizable nonlinear systems, and the asymptotic convergence is proved for the proposed state observer.
局域差分gps认为在距离参考站较近的区域内，观测误差具有相关性。参考站将观测量与理论值之差作为差分改正数发送给用户进行差分改正。
Using GPS observation data from differential GPS reference stations, several errors, which can't modeled, were solved and sent to user around these reference station.
估计一下在秤量，使用滴定管和确定终定位置的不确定度。用这些值计算误差传播而且跟所观测值比较一下。
Estimate what you think the uncertainty is in weighing, using the buret, and in endpoint location. Do error propagation from these values and compare with the observed precision.
但现在，通过相同的空基观测设备，宇宙的年龄已经被进一步的精确到在以前的基础上增加2千万年(前后误差1.1亿年)。
And now, using the same space-based observatory, the age of the universe has been refined even further, adding another 20 million years to the total (plus or minus 0.11 billion years).
在一个大的地区内可能会存在某些未知的共同误差源，因此为建立好的参考系，观测仪器的地理分布以尽可能均匀为好。
Some common error sources probably exist in a large region. Instruments should be distributed as uniformly as possibly in order to establish a stable reference system.
先前，科学们使用WMAP观测的数据计算的大爆炸至今的时间是极其精确的137亿3千万年(前后误差1.2亿年)。
Previously, scientists using data from WMAP measured the time since the Big Bang to be an incredibly precise 13.73 billion years (give or take 0.12 billion years).
由于系统方程是时变的，在测量过程中，系统噪声和观测噪声的统计特性等很难精确地估计或测定，事实上很多误差模型都不能简单的设为白噪声。
Because the system equation is changed with time, during the measurement, the statistic character of the system noise and the observation noise cannot be estimated or be determined accurately.
对土石坝原型观测资料的系统误差、粗差的成因进行了分析；
The genetic analysis for system error and lourse error of the prototype observed data of earth-rock dam is carried out.
用高斯-牛顿误差最小法将六维观测量转化为四元数，作为观测量的一部分，显著减少了直接使用EKF的计算量。
Gauss-Newton error minimization is used to transform six-dimentional reference vector to quaternion as a part of observations for EKF, which significantly reduces the computational requirement.
在重复观测的条件下，手持GPS测量面积的相对误差可以达到2.0％，基本满足林业生产中测量面积的精度要求。
Under the condition of re-observation, the relative errors of measuring area with the pocket GPS could reach 2.0% , which could meet the precision demand of measuring area in forestry practice.
以穿透降雨为例，其模型模拟结果与实验比较，相对误差不超过2%，与野外观测比较，多次平均相对误差为6%。
Relative errors between simulation results of model and experiment were lower than 2%, and between model and field observation lower than 6% by the example of throughfall.
通过精密观测(误差在1%以下)，能获得地震的前兆信息。
Through precise observations (the error of which should be smaller than 1%), it is possible for us to obtain precursory information of the earthquakes.
通过精密观测(误差在1%以下)，能获得地震的前兆信息。
Through precise observations (the error of which should be smaller than 1%), it is possible for us to obtain precursory information of the earthquakes.
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