重要的是，如果早期生命以如上所述的方式开始，细胞的使用DNA，RNA和蛋白质代码的“达尔文过渡”，必须在某个时候通过遗传密码发生。
Third, and massively important, if early life started as sketched above, a “Darwinian transition” to cells that use DNA, RNA and code for proteins via a genetic code must take place at some point.
一个令人振奋的发现：在中东家庭里发现的大多数遗传缺陷并不在基因的商业部分里——鉴定大脑蛋白质的密码。
One encouraging finding: most of the genetic defects identified in the Middle Eastern families were not in the business part of the gene -the part that codes for a critical brain protein.
从结构上来讲，基因包含三个区域：称为启动子的调节区域；与其并列的编码蛋白质的密码子区域；以及3'端尾部序列。
Structurally, a gene is formed by three regions: a regulatory region called the promoter juxtaposed to the coding region containing the protein sequence, and a “3’ tail” sequence.
记忆合成指令被编译成DNA上的密码，用来制造蛋白质，帮助恢复记忆合成的能力。
The memory-formation instructions encoded in the DNA can be used to make proteins, helping restore memory formation.
每一个密码子或者编码一种氨基酸，或者告诉这些细胞停止生产这个蛋白质链。
Each codon either codes for an amino acid or tells the cell to stop making a protein chain.
一种新的使用遗传密码的方法已经被创建，它可以用从未在自然界出现过的材料合成蛋白质。
A new way of using the genetic code has been created, allowing proteins to be made with properties that have never been seen in the natural world.
尽管MicroRNA并不是指导蛋白质合成的密码，但是他们会阻止一些特定基因的表达（合成相应蛋白质）。
Although microRNAs do not code for proteins, they prevent specific genes from giving rise to the proteins they encode.
这一块的RNA可以直接合成的蛋白质通过遗传密码。
This piece of RNA can then direct the synthesis of proteins via the genetic code.
碱基是由不同的蛋白质构成的密码，颇像组成一些单词和句子的一个字母表的字母。
The bases constitute a code for different proteins, much like the letters of an alphabet foiling words and sentences.
基因就是这些遗传密码的组合，亦即代表蛋白质的胺基酸序列。
The gene is these genetic code combination, i. e. represents the protein the aminoacid sequence.
比如说，直到最近，生命起源的遗传密码和蛋白质合成在生命产生之初的同步问题仍然在困扰着我们。
For instance, until a few years ago the origin of the genetic code and of protein synthesis were considered synonymous with the appearance of life itself.
每个密码子是特异的三核苷酸序列（双链DNA状况下为三个三核苷酸对），每个密码子编码蛋白质的一个氨基酸单位。
Each codon is a specific sequence of three nucleotides (three nucleotide pairs in double-stranded DNA), and each codon codes for a single amino acid unit in a protein.
实际上，DNA和蛋白质序列的共线性被认为所有遗传密码的基本特征。
In fact, colinearity of DNA and protein sequences is thought to be a fundamental feature of the universal genetic code.
遗传信息的传递是从核酸序列三联密码子的转录和翻译，到合成具有完整结构的功能蛋白质的全过程。
The whole process of genetic information regulation and transduction involves three major steps: transcription and translation of the genetic code and the synthesis of the functional protein.
每三个字母代表一个单独的氨基酸的密码子，或者该密码子指示细胞终止蛋白质合成链。
Each three-letter word embodies the code for a single amino acid or tells the cell to stop making a protein chain.
为了研制这一疫苗，他们生产出病毒的红血球凝集素基因密码–这个基因转化成一种在所有流感病毒表面均存在的蛋白质。
To do so, they generated the DNA coding for the virus'shemagglutinin gene(the H in a virus's name)—which translates into a protein found on the surface of all influenza viruses.
设计合成编码蛋白质基因的要点为：（1）按照宿主系统中高表达蛋白质基因对密码子的使用频率选用氨基酸密码子，以期合成基因得到高效表达；
The strategy included, (1) condon usage in synthetic gene should be corresponded with the statisical codon usage in genes of highly abundant proteins in the host;
可能组合成64种密码子，其中61种指明了组成蛋白质的氨基酸。
There are 64 possible codons, 61 of which specify the 20 amino acids that make up proteins.
可能组合成64种密码子，其中61种指明了组成蛋白质的氨基酸。
There are 64 possible codons, 61 of which specify the 20 amino acids that make up proteins.
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