第一个开销就是必须遍历子串和连接节点的上层结构（superstructure）才能到达指定的字符。
The first is that a superstructure of substring and concatenation nodes must be traversed to reach a specified character.
阐明了单元刚度矩阵以及在上层梁单元作用竖向集中荷载或分布荷载下单元节点荷载列阵的形成。
The formulation for element stiffness matrixs, and vectors of nodal of element with the upper beam element subjected to either vertical concentrated load or distributed loads is illustrated.
论文最后把所设计的MAC层、网络层协议及相关上层应用实施到GAINZ节点中，实测网络构建、数据传输和GPRS连接功能。
Finally, we deliver the designed MAC layer, network layer protocol and the related upper application into GAINZ nodes, to measure network-building, data transmission and GPRS connectivity.
设计了满足课题需求的节点系统、数据处理算法和上层软件系统。
In the software field, this paper designs the node system, data processing algorithms and the upper software systems.
上层集合点节点采用松散一致的DHT算法，有限范围内集合点步行查找，下层边缘节点采用广播方式查找。
The upper layer assembly peers use loosely consistent DHT algorithm, within a limited set point walking view. The lower nodes use broadcasting means.
RAN节点的上层应用，也可以使用RIM流程，这对SGSN是完全透明的。
The ran node applications, which use the RIM procedures, are fully transparent for the SGSN.
RAN节点的上层应用，也可以使用RIM流程，这对SGSN是完全透明的。
The ran node applications, which use the RIM procedures, are fully transparent for the SGSN.
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