这是因为色素的作用，它们反射光线，使眼睛看到的东西呈现出颜色。
This is because of pigments, which reflect light and make what the eye sees as colors.
大多数人只在沙滩上玩一天或者使用晒黑床一段时间不会被晒成古铜色的皮肤，因为黑色素的合成是需要时间的。
Most people don't tan after just one day at the beach, or one session in the tanning bed, because it takes time to make melanin.
带有铜类色素的翅羽，飞行和展示用，彼得·穆伦博士惠赠
Wing feather with copper-containing pigment, flight and display, Courtesy Peter Mullen, Ph.D.
既然色素的专利早已过期，生产厂家本身也没有动力来资助这样的研究。
And since the patents on the dyes expired long ago, manufacturers have little incentive to finance such research themselves.
辛特•皮科克：我们并没有尝试用原油去模拟，而是一种类似色素的染料代替。
Synte Peacock: we didn't try to simulate oil, so we put in a dye which is like a food coloring.
蓝色或者绿色色调的灯光会让你的身体抑制褪黑色素的产生，这也会让你很难入睡。
Lights that have a blue or green tint can turn down your production of melatonin, which makes it difficult to sleep.
图4 显示了蛋白质血色素的视图（图像提供了一对立体模型；见参考资料）。
Figure 4 offers a visual look at the protein hemoglobin (image is a stereo pair; see Resources for the image source).
他们发表在《科学》杂志上的研究成果，建立了曾经存在于古代鸟类羽毛中的色素的化学指纹图谱。
Their study, published in the journal Science, revealed the chemical fingerprint of pigments that once tinted the ancient bird's feathers.
天然的玫瑰有很多颜色，比如红色、粉色、黄色和白色，但是就是缺少生成蓝色素的能力。
Roses appear naturally in many shades of red, pink, yellow and white, but lack the natural ability to produce blue pigments.
对于天然食用色素的安全性没有争议，而生产厂家也一直在为人工食用色素的安全性辩护。
There is no debate about the safety of natural food colorings, and manufacturers have long defended the safety of artificial ones as well.
在一系列的实验中，他们发现一种名为wnt的蛋白对头发中色素的产生起着至关重要的作用。
In a series of experiments, they have identified a protein called 'WNT' found to be vital to the production of colour in hairs.
一些食品连锁店，包括全食食品公司和TraderJoes，拒绝出售含人工色素的食品。
Some grocery chains, including Whole foods Market and Trader Joe's, refuse to sell foods with artificial coloring.
研究人员发现通过模仿这种酶的作用，可以更长时间地维持发囊里产生色素的干细胞的健康数量。
By mimicking the effect of this enzyme, researchers found it was possible to maintain a healthy population of pigment-producing stem cells in the hair follicle for longer.
而且由于色素的重要功能之一是伪装，所以它可以告诉我们有关动物试图融入的周围环境的更多信息。
And since one of the key roles of pigmentation is camouflage, pigmentation could tell us more about the world around the animal and what it was trying to blend into.
在视网膜中也能发现这些感光物质。它们能迅速刺激皮肤黑色素的生成，保护人体不受太阳光线的伤害。
These light receptors - which are also found in the retina of the eye - immediately prompt the release of melanin, the body's own form of sun protection.
众所周知，拥有红色或黄色色素的赭石岩一直被广泛运用于绘画中，但却少有证据显示它是如何制作并运用的。
It was known that ochre-rock with red or yellow pigments-was used for paint even that far back in history. But there was scant evidence for how it was prepared and handled.
色素的作用是“作为一个捕捉光线的天线，”贝尔彻说，“然后能量通过病毒长度传递下来，病毒就像电线一样。
The role of the pigments is “to act as an antenna to capture the light, ” Belcher explains, “and then transfer the energy down the length of the virus, like a wire.
后来的翼的发育过程中，产生了无翅基因这种形成机制，并且通过促进特定区域的细胞生成色素的方法来在翼上扩散花纹。
Late in wing development, the Wingless morphogen is produced and diffuses through tissue where it prompts cells in certain areas of the wing to make pigment.
大多数人的头发周期不长(记住，一个周期是6-8年)，此时色素细胞包围毛囊，色素的产生处于最佳状态。
Most people only have a handful of hair cycles (remember, a cycle is 6 - 8 years) where the pigment-producing cells that surround the follicle and transfer pigment are working at their best.
色素的作用是“作为一个捕捉光线的天线，”贝尔彻说，“然后能量通过病毒长度传递下来，病毒就像电线一样。”
The role of the pigments is "to act as an antenna to capture the light," Belcher explains, "and then transfer the energy down the length of the virus, like a wire."
随着时间的推移，身体的黑素细胞库——发现存在于每个皮肤粒子和发囊里的产生和存储色素的干细胞——逐渐减小。
Over time, the body's pool of melanocytes - stem cells found in each skin particle and hair follicle that produce and store pigment - dwindles.
之前的研究表明：长距离的迁徙者，甚至包括连果蝇，它们在一种叫做隐色素的感光蛋白质的帮助之下读取磁场信息。
Previous studies suggest long-distance migrators—and even fruit flies—pick up magnetic fields with the help of a light-sensitive protein called "cryptochrome.
研究人员还不能确定为何会出现这种情况，不过他们建议，应该把雌激素和皮肤黑色素的潜在保护作用作为可能的原因进行调查。
Researchers are not sure why, but they suggested that the potential protective effects of the female hormone estrogen and the skin pigment melanin should be investigated as potential reasons.
重要的是，这项研究基本上没有提供关于个别色素的相对危险的信息，这使得要对绿色3号或黄色6号采取任何具体的管理行动几乎是不可能。
Importantly, the research offers almost no clue about the relative risks of individual dyes, making specific regulatory actions against, say, Green No. 3 or Yellow No. 6 almost impossible.
可口可乐公司发表声明称：“CSPI在声明中不负责任地质疑我们饮料中使用的焦糖色素的安全性，这无端挑起了消费者对于癌症的担忧。”
"CSPI's statement irresponsibly insinuates that the caramel used in our beverages is unsafe and maliciously raises cancer concerns among consumers," the company said in a statement.
当你在当地的街角小店买的冰棒往往是甜的让你受不了并且颜色也很亮的时候，不要惊讶，这是由于大量高果糖玉米糖和人工色素的使用造成的。
Not surprisingly, though, the Popsicles you buy at the local corner store tend to be sickeningly sweet and neon bright, thanks to an abundance of high-fructose corn syrup and artificial colors.
1950年，很多儿童因为吃了含橙色1号色素的万圣节糖果而生病，经过更严格的测试表明这种色素有毒后食品与药物管理局禁止了它的使用。
In 1950, many children became ill after eating Halloween candy containing Orange No. 1 dye, and the F. D. A. banned it after more rigorous testing suggested that it was toxic.
1950年，很多儿童因为吃了含橙色1号色素的万圣节糖果而生病，经过更严格的测试表明这种色素有毒后食品与药物管理局禁止了它的使用。
In 1950, many children became ill after eating Halloween candy containing Orange No. 1 dye, and the F.D.A. banned it after more rigorous testing suggested that it was toxic.
根据消费者倡导团请愿书上列出的很长的名单，一些含人工色素的受欢迎的食品包括奇多零食，果脆圈麦片，果酱馅饼和Hostess夹馅面包。
Popular foods that have artificial dyes include Cheetos snacks, Froot Loops cereal, Pop-Tarts and Hostess Twinkies, according to an extensive listing in the consumer advocacy group's petition.
中华龙鸟化石的某些部分保存十分完好，科学家们甚至发现了包含色素的细胞结构，他们认为这种猫类大小的史前动物是彩色的，甚至还拥有一条带条纹的尾巴
Some of its fossils are so well preserved that scientists can see traces of cell structures that contained pigments. The finding led to colorful views of the cat-size animal, down to its striped tail.
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