一部分原因在于,癌症的出现往往要经历数十年,因此,要想揭示其导致癌症发生率的增加,必须要对实验对象进行长时间的跟踪。
Part of the problem is that cancer can take decades to appear, so only a lengthy follow-up will expose an increase in its incidence.
死亡率增加的原因可能是由于雌激素刺激新血管生长——导致癌症发生或扩散。
The reason for the increased mortality could be oestrogen stimulating the growth of new blood vessels - which can cause the cancer to grow and spread.
背景:动物研究发现联氨可能为肺部致癌物质,但人类研究相当少,且局限于癌症死亡率之调查。
Background: Animal studies suggest that hydrazine is a lung carcinogen, but human studies have been rare, rather small, and limited to cancer mortality.
如果手机真的会导致癌症,但存在如此高的接触率,使用这样一个简单的规则来定义“经常使用”意味着最终的效果可能会稀释到无法验证。
If phones really do cause cancer, but only at high exposure, employing such a generous definition of regular use means that the effect might be diluted into undetectability.
作者们认为针对这种情况由于缺乏规范定义和处理技术导致癌症治疗后相关的淋巴水肿的精确发生率难以确定。
Lack of standardized definitions and measurement techniques for the disorder make an accurate incidence rate of cancer-treatment-related lymphedema difficult to determine, say the authors.
如此高的死亡率使得研究吸烟的致癌机理变得十分重要。
With high death rates like these, it's worth researching what the effects really are.
病人的肿瘤细胞含有不正确染色体数量具有较差的生存率,因为这可导致致癌的症进展和耐药性。
Patients whose tumour cells contain an incorrect number of chromosomes have worse survival as this can lead to cancer evolution and drug resistance.
他们给第三组雄性小鼠雌激素,然后给与致癌剂,在这种情况下,肝癌的发生率与正常雌性小鼠相同。
The researchers also treated a third group of male mice with estrogen and then gave them the cancer-causing agent. In this case, rates of liver cancer remained the same as in normal female mice.
流行病学研究显示好坏参半的结果,一些研究报告发病率增加了各种肿瘤和其他研究报告没有致癌作用。
Epidemiological studies have shown mixed results, with some studies reporting increased incidence of a variety of tumors and other studies not reporting carcinogenic effects.
研究表明睾丸素可能为一种抑癌基因,且当睾丸素基因表达降低或缺失时,致癌物诱导的胃癌发生率更高。
Our findings suggest that testin may represent a candidate tumor suppressor gene. When testin expression is degrade or deleted, the carcinogen-induced carcinoma incidence will be higher.
讨论了过剩的癌症死亡率,发现在干洗工人暴露于氯乙烯(PCE)的,一种已知的致癌物质,动物和可能存在的人类致癌物质。
Discusses the excess cancer mortality found in dry cleaning workers exposed to perchloroethylene (PCE), a known animal carcinogen and probable human carcinogen.
讨论了过剩的癌症死亡率,发现在干洗工人暴露于氯乙烯(PCE)的,一种已知的致癌物质,动物和可能存在的人类致癌物质。
Discusses the excess cancer mortality found in dry cleaning workers exposed to perchloroethylene (PCE), a known animal carcinogen and probable human carcinogen.
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