那么这些细胞是如何分化并形成像根、茎、叶和果实那样不同的结构的呢？
How then can these cells differentiate and form structures as different as roots, stems, leaves, and fruits?
胚胎干细胞如此让人激动是因为它的天然功能就是分化成身体所有的细胞。
Why people are so excited about embryonic stem cells is because in nature they become all the cells of the body.
在研究玉米的基因构成时，芭芭拉·麦克林托克发现了一种新的突变基因，这一发现使人们对细胞分化有了更深入的了解。
While studying the genetic makeup of corn, a new class of mutant genes was discovered by Barbara McClintock, a discovery which led to greater understanding of cell differentiation.
结果表明，叶酸或亚叶酸可以保护肠隐窝中分化程度较低的细胞。
The results suggest that folic acid or folinic acid can protect the less differentiated cells in the intestinal crypts.
成骨细胞分化所需的第二个重要转录因子是一种具有锌指结构的，对骨形成十分重要的转录因子。
A second important transcription factor required for osteoblastic differentiation is osterix.
如果我们更好地了解脂肪细胞分化、生长和积累的原因，我们就可以更好地治疗肥胖及由其引起的并发症。
If we better understand the origin of fat cell differentiation, growth, and accumulation, we can better treat obesity and its constellation of complications.
人体中的大部分细胞都不可逆的分化成了约200种类型。
Most cells of the human body are irreversibly specialised or "differentiated" into roughly 200 types.
该病毒会感染脂肪组织，然后复制、分化、积累脂肪细胞。
The virus infects the fatty tissue and increases replication, differentiation, and accumulation of fat cells.
这种肿瘤细胞更为分化，因此被认为恶化可能性低和更容易治疗。
These sorts of tumors are more "differentiated" from other cells and are thus considered less progressed and easier to treat.
与疟原虫不同，间日疟原虫只感染刚刚从骨髓中分化出来的年幼血红细胞。
Unlike falciparum, vivax infects only the youngest red blood cells, those freshly emerged from bone marrow.
这种细胞有能力分化并产生后代- - -其中一些最终消失了，一些则自我繁殖。
These cells possess the ability to divide and create progeny - some of which will eventually expire, others that are self-renewing.
多功能细胞能够分化成任何细胞，却不能生成完整的器官。
Pluripotent cells can generate any cell type, but not an entire organism.
能不能完全区别非常重要，因为非分化细胞带有癌变的可能。
This is important because undifferentiated cells carry risk of turning cancerous.
细胞根据这种蛋白质的数量和作用时间长短进行分化。
Cells respond to this protein by growing differently depending on how much of it they're exposed to, and for how long.
科学家们称之为“细胞分化。”
对干细胞来说他们是一种特殊的风险，因为这种细胞能分化成任何其他种类。
They are a special risk with stem cells precisely because such cells can turn into any other sort.
她对蓝莓多酚是否在脂肪细胞的分化（相对没特化的细胞获得脂肪细胞的具体特征的过程）中起作用进行了研究。
She tested whether the blueberry polyphenols played a role in adipocyte differentiation, which is the process where a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an adipocyte.
流体剪切力是由于液体流经细胞表面所产生的一种机械力，目前发现其在细胞分化、发育及行使细胞功能的过程中起到了巨大的作用。
Fluid shear is the mechanical force exerted by the movement of fluids over cell surfaces and has been found to play an important role in cellular differentiation, development and function.
干细胞可以分化成各种不同类型的细胞和器官，所以干细胞在某些条件下作为新的治疗手段是很有希望的！
Stem cells hold great promise for new treatments for many conditions as they have the ability to grow into many different types of cells and organs.
为了使这些细胞变成胰岛分泌细胞，他们将这些细胞暴露与化学试剂通过三周的特定过程诱导分化。
To convince the cells to become insulin producers, they exposed them to chemicals that stimulate differentiation at specific times over the course of about three weeks.
而且，重组细胞表现出诱导多能干细胞的特征；这些细胞可以自我复制也可以分化为多种类型的细胞。
Still, the reprogrammed cells showed the defining characteristics of induced pluripotent stem cells; they could both differentiate into various cell types and generate more of themselves.
正常的骨髓干细胞分化形成三种主要细胞类型：红细胞，血小板和白细胞。
Normal stem cells in the marrow form three main cell-types: Red cells, platelets and white cells.
利用血液去培育干细胞获得成功以后，朱敏设法诱导它们分化成三种细胞系：先是骨骼和软骨细胞，然后是肌细胞，再是神经元。
Using blood to nourish and grow the stem cells, Zhu managed to induce them to differentiate into three lineages: first bone and cartilage, then muscle, and then neuron.
当一个干细胞分化时，它通常会产生相互不同的子细胞。
When a stem cell divides, it sometimes produces daughters that aredifferent from one another.
间质干细胞是一种有分化潜能的干细胞，它可以分化成脂肪细胞或者骨髓细胞。
We have what are called mesenchymal stem cells. This type of stem cell goes on to become either fat or bone.
卷曲藻可能是一个菌落，或者一种真核生物——其包裹在细胞膜内的细胞功能已经出现分化的生物体。
Grypania may have been either a bacterial colony or a eukaryote - an organism with specialized cells, enclosed in a membrane.
问题关键在于找到正确的诱导干细胞分化成心脏细胞，神经细胞，制造胰岛素的细胞或者其他细胞的生长因子的正确方法。
The key lay in finding just the right recipe of growth factors and nutrients to induce a stem cell to become a heart cell, a neuron, an insulin-making cell or something else.
问题关键在于找到正确的诱导干细胞分化成心脏细胞，神经细胞，制造胰岛素的细胞或者其他细胞的生长因子的正确方法。
The key lay in finding just the right recipe of growth factors and nutrients to induce a stem cell to become a heart cell, a neuron, an insulin-making cell or something else.
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