拍摄这些照片的神经生物学家JeffLichtman利用这个发现发明了一种能够产生绿、红、蓝三种荧光的基因标记神经细胞的方法。
Jeff Lichtman, the neurobiologist who created those pictures, had used the discovery to invent a way to tag nerve cells with genes whose products fluoresce green, red and blue.
科学家已经观察了人类细胞中单个基因的表现。
Scientists have viewed the expression of an individual gene inside a human cell.
后来，来自美国哈佛大学的科学家证明，通过使老鼠的胰腺细胞感染上只携带三个转录因子的基因病毒，能将其重组。
Later, scientists from Harvard University in the us showed that mouse pancreas cells could be reprogrammed by infecting them with viruses carrying genes for just three transcription factors.
通过比较该图谱与病变细胞的表观基因组，科学家将能够弄清表观基因组的变异如何引起癌症及其他疾病的问题。
By comparing this with the epigenomes of diseased cells, scientists will be able to work out how glitches in the epigenome lead to cancers and other diseases.
除了控制大脑的神经活动外，最近科学家们发现如果注入另一种基因，这些细胞在活跃时会发出绿光。
Beyond controlling neural firing in the brain, scientists have recently found that by inserting another gene cells will glow green when they fire.
科学家们开始让基因工程小鼠的衰老细胞中有一个特定的分子。
The scientists started by genetically engineering mice to have a specific molecule in their senescent cells.
这种技术使科学家不需要使用病毒，而可以将所需基因通过细胞孔导入细胞内。
This allowed the scientists to do away with viruses and ferry genes into the cells through pores.
随后，这组科学家合成了这个区域的基因所产生的氨基酸序列——或者蛋白质，并在人类和猴子的免疫细胞中测试它们的效果。
They then synthesised the series of amino acids - or proteins - that the region of the genes produce, and tested their effects on human and monkey immune cells.
科学家们曾认为，细胞中的大多数RNA是由蛋白质编码基因产生的信使RNA，核糖体rna，或其它地方的少量rna。
Scientists thought that most RNA in a cell was messenger RNA generated by protein-coding genes, RNA in ribosomes, or a sprinkling of other RNA elsewhere.
十年来，科学家一直在试图破解他们所称为的人类“表观基因组”，即所有200种人类细胞中的化学开关模式。
For a decade, scientists have been trying to decipher what they call the human "epigenome", or the pattern of chemical switches in all 200 types of human cell.
科学家认为生物钟是受基因活动影响，但是藻类和红细胞没有基因也同样按照生物钟运行。
Scientists had thought that the circadian clock was driven by gene activity, but both the algae and the red blood cells kept time without it.
而科学家也必须确定他们将基因拿掉只是暂时性的，否则细胞可能会无止境地不断生长，进而造成癌细胞的产生。
Scientists still need to ensure that they can deactivate those genes only temporarily; otherwise he muscle cells may start to divide uncontrollably, leading to cancer.
一旦这些基因完成任务，科学家们就可去除它们，去除了基因后的细胞健康而且功能完整。
Once the genes had done their job, the scientists removed them, leaving the cells healthy and intact.
很多生物学家仍认为停止衰老只是一个幻想，因为我们永远不能克服细胞过段时间就会死亡，以及基因组的消耗磨损等生物程序。
Plenty of biologists still say it's a mirage because we will never overcome the biological programme whereby cells die after a certain time, or indeed the rigours of wear and tear on the genome.
事实上，科学家仅仅绘制了两种细胞外基因的某一部分而已。
In fact, the scientists had mapped only a certain portion of the epigenomes of two cell types (an embryonic stem cell and another basic cell called a fibroblast).
科学家在突触——让脑细胞（神经元）相互交流无碍的结点处发现了”shanks”基因。
Shank3 is found in the synapses - the junctions between brain cells (neurons) that allow them to communicate with each other.
科学家们曾认为昼夜节律的调节是受基因活动支配，但海藻和红细胞中都不含DNA。
Scientists had previously thought the circadian clock was driven by gene activity, but both the algae and the red blood cells kept time without it.
在预期于5月29日出版的《细胞》杂志上，科学家将报告一种新基因的发现，这种基因能够让果蝇远离酒精。
In the May 29th issue of Cell, scientists report discovering a gene that controls fruit flies' sensitivity to ethanol.
英国生化学家AnthonyAllison在20世纪50年代观察到非洲人携带单拷贝的基因突变引起的镰状细胞性贫血保护了他们受到疟疾的侵扰。
In the 1950s Anthony Allison, a British biochemist, observed that Africans who carry a single copy of the genetic mutation that causes sickle-cell anaemia are protected against malaria.
科学家把这两个袋子连接起来，希望病毒会与骨髓混合并将健康的基因注到干细胞里去。
The hope was that the virus would mingle with the bone marrow cells and inject the healthy gene into the stem cells.
本研究高级作者，以色列拉马特甘巴宜兰大学细胞生物学家亚龙·沙乌塔说，“你可以做不同的细胞株而不用担心那些基因的去向。”
You can make different cell lines and not be worried about where the gene went in.
《细胞》杂志周五刊发表了一篇文章，为了指导研究，科学家通过一系列标准实验室检验比较了基因变异小鼠与正常小鼠的行为。
To conduct their study, published in Friday's issue of the journal Cell, the scientists compared the performance of mice with the altered gene to normal mice in a series of standard lab tests.
此外，科学家们还可以运用别的方法去探测致病的原因---对细胞的成像系统、对小鼠研究或基因组研究等。
Moreover, scientists already have many tools to figure out causes of disease — imaging systems that can peer into cells, knockout mice, genome studies.
此外，科学家们还可以运用别的方法去探测致病的原因---对细胞的成像系统、对小鼠研究或基因组研究等。
Moreover, scientists already have many tools to figure out causes of disease — imaging systems that can peer into cells, knockout mice, genome studies.
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